What is the mechanism of action for alkylating agents?
Most alkylating agents have similar mechanisms of action, but differ in their clinical efficacy. These agents act directly on DNA, resulting in its crosslinking and causing DNA strand breaks, leading to abnormal base pairing and inhibiting cell division, eventually resulting in cell death.
What is the major side effect of alkylating agents?
The most common side effects of alkylating agents include: hair loss (alopecia) anemia. reduced blood cell counts (pancytopenia)
Which of these are examples of alkylating agents?
Examples of alkylating agents include:
- Altretamine.
- Bendamustine.
- Busulfan.
- Carboplatin.
- Carmustine.
- Chlorambucil.
- Cisplatin.
- Cyclophosphamide.
How do alkylating agents affect cancer cells?
Alkylating agents were among the first anti-cancer drugs and are the most commonly used agents in chemotherapy today. Alkylating agents act directly on DNA, causing cross-linking of DNA strands, abnormal base pairing, or DNA strand breaks, thus preventing the cell from dividing.
What is the action of nitrosoureas?
Abstract. The nitrosoureas BCNU, CCNU, ACNU, and Fotemustine covalently deactivate thioredoxin reductase, glutathione reductase and ribonucleotide reductase by alkylating their thiolate active sites.
What is meant by alkylating agent?
Listen to pronunciation. (AL-kuh-LAY-ting AY-jent) A type of drug that is used in the treatment of cancer. It interferes with the cell’s DNA and inhibits cancer cell growth.
What chemo drugs cause heart damage?
Chemotherapy drugs that can cause heart damage include:
- anthracycline drugs such as doxorubicin (Adriamycin), daunorubicin (Cerubidine, daunomycin) and epirubicin (Pharmorubicin)
- cisplatin.
- carboplatin (Paraplatin, Paraplatin AQ)
- paclitaxel (Taxol)
- cyclophosphamide (Procytox)
What is the meaning of alkylating?
: the act or process of introducing one or more alkyl groups into a compound (as to increase octane number in a motor fuel) alkylate.
Which alkylating agent is used in cancer treatment?
Melphalan is an alkylating agent that is used in the treatment of multiple myeloma,21,22 ovarian cancer,23,24 and breast cancer. Melphalan is an amino acid analog that enters cells and crosses the blood–brain barrier through active transport systems.
Does nitrosoureas cross the blood brain barrier?
Nitrosoureas: A group of cancer drugs called alkylating agents because they act by the process of alkylation to inhibit DNA repair. The nitrosoureas can cross the blood-brain barrier and are used to treat brain tumors. The nitrosoureas include carmustine (BCNU), lomustine (CCNU) and semustine.
Which one of the following drug belongs to class nitrosoureas?
The nitrosoureas are a class of drugs that alkylate DNA and RNA, and include carmustine (BCNU), lomustine (CCNU), semustine (methyl-CCNU), nimustine (ACNU), fotemustine, and streptozotocin.
What causes alkylating agents?
Alkylating agents substitute alkyl groups for hydrogen atoms on DNA, resulting in the formation of cross links within the DNA chain and thereby resulting in cytotoxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic effects.
Which of the following is an alkylating agent Mcq?
1. Which of the following alkylating agents is employed for carbon-carbon alkylations? Explanation: The alkylating agents employed most extensively for carbon-carbon alkylations are ethylene, propylene, butylenes, and amylenes.
Is chemo hard on your heart?
These side effects, including high blood pressure, abnormal heart rhythms, and heart failure, can be caused or exacerbated by chemotherapy and radiation therapy, as well as by newer forms of cancer treatment, such as targeted therapies and immunotherapies.
How can I protect my heart during chemo?
Stay healthy after treatment
- Get to and stay at a healthy weight.
- Get regular exercise.
- Eat a healthy diet, with an emphasis on fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
- Get recommended cancer screenings.
- Create a survivorship care plan.
- Keep your follow-up appointments.
- Take care of your emotional health.
How many types of alkylation are there?
Types of Alkylation Reactions
Alkylation of an aldehyde or ketone to form C-C bonds (Grignard Reaction) Coupling reaction of an alkylhalide and an organometallic to form a C-C bond (Wurtz reaction) Alkylation of aromatic rings via alkyl halide (Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction)
What type of reaction is alkylation?
Conventional paraffin (alkane)–olefin (alkene) alkylation is an acid-catalyzed reaction; it involves the addition of a tertiary alkyl cation, generated from an isoalkane (via hydride abstraction) to an olefin. An example of such a reaction is the isobutane–ethylene alkylation, yielding 2,3-dimethylbutane.
What is the enzyme that kills cancer cells?
Cui, C., et al. (2021) Neutrophil elastase selectively kills cancer cells and attenuates tumorigenesis.
Why are Nitrosourea drugs especially useful?
Nitrosourea compounds are DNA alkylating agents and are often used in chemotherapy. They are lipophilic and thus can cross the blood–brain barrier, making them useful in the treatment of brain tumors such as glioblastoma multiforme.
Can nitrosoureas cross blood-brain barrier?
What is the meaning of alkylating agent?
Which drug is not an alkylating agent?
Note: Although the platinum-containing anticancer agents, carboplatin, cisplatin, and oxaliplatin are frequently classified as alkylating agents, they are not.
Which chemotherapy drugs damage the heart?
Does chemo damage the heart?
Heart damage (cardiotoxicity) from chemotherapy or radiation therapy is common. And between 5 percent and 15 percent of cancer patients will develop full-blown heart failure after surviving cancer.
What is the purpose of alkylation?
Source: Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Alkylation (al-kuh-ley-shun) is a secondary refinery unit operation that many refineries in the United States have because it adds high octane hydrocarbons to motor and aviation gasoline.