What is atherosclerosis and its pathogenesis?
Atherosclerosis is a disease of large and medium-sized arteries, characterized by endothelial dysfunction, vascular inflammation and the accumulation of modified lipid, inflammatory cells and cell debris in ‘plaques’ within the vascular wall.
What is the pathological process of atherosclerosis?
Definitions of pathological process. an organic process occurring as a consequence of disease. synonyms: pathologic process.
What are the 4 stages of atherosclerosis?
Atherogenesis can be divided into five key steps, which are 1) endothelial dysfunction, 2) formation of lipid layer or fatty streak within the intima, 3) migration of leukocytes and smooth muscle cells into the vessel wall, 4) foam cell formation and 5) degradation of extracellular matrix.
What is the first step in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis?
Lipid retention is the first step in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis which is followed by chronic inflammation at susceptible sites in the walls of the major arteries lead to fatty streaks, which then progress to fibroatheromas which are fibrous in nature (Table 1) [5,6].
What causes atherosclerosis?
Atherosclerosis is thickening or hardening of the arteries caused by a buildup of plaque in the inner lining of an artery. Risk factors may include high cholesterol and triglyceride levels, high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, obesity, physical activity, and eating saturated fats.
What is pathogenesis of a disease?
Pathogenesis is the process by which an infection leads to disease. Pathogenic mechanisms of viral disease include (1) implantation of virus at the portal of entry, (2) local replication, (3) spread to target organs (disease sites), and (4) spread to sites of shedding of virus into the environment.
What are the pathological processes?
From the viewpoint of the general pathology, most of the human diseases are associated with a limited number of pathogenic processes such as inflammation, tumor growth, thrombosis, necrosis, fibrosis, atrophy, pathological hypertrophy, dysplasia and metaplasia.
What are the pathological processes involved in disease?
The pathological process identified as diabetes mellitus includes a group of metabolic diseases characterized by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both, according to the American Diabetes Association and the World Health Organization.
What is the main cause of atherosclerosis?
What are the three types of atherosclerosis?
There are three recognized types of arteriosclerosis: atherosclerosis, arteriolosclerosis, and Monckeberg medial calcific sclerosis.
How does atherosclerosis begin?
Atherosclerosis is a slow, lifelong progression of changes in the blood vessels that may start in childhood and get worse faster as you age. The cause of atherosclerosis isn’t completely known. Many scientists believe plaque begins when an artery’s inner lining (called the endothelium) becomes damaged.
What is another word for atherosclerosis?
coronary-artery disease, arterial sclerosis, hardening of the arteries, arteriosclerosis.
What are three symptoms of atherosclerosis?
What are the symptoms of atherosclerosis?
- chest pain or angina.
- pain in your leg, arm, and anywhere else that has a blocked artery.
- cramping in the buttocks while walking.
- shortness of breath.
- fatigue.
- confusion, which occurs if the blockage affects circulation to your brain.
What are the 5 stages of pathogenesis?
The stages of pathogenesis include exposure, adhesion, invasion, infection, and transmission.
What is pathogenesis and examples?
Description. Types of pathogenesis include microbial infection, inflammation, malignancy and tissue breakdown. For example, bacterial pathogenesis is the process by which bacteria cause infectious illness. Most diseases are caused by multiple processes.
What is an example of pathology?
Typical examples include cervical smear, sputum and gastric washings. Forensic pathology involves the post mortem examination of a corpse for cause of death using a process called autopsy. Dermatopathology concerns the study of skin diseases.
What are the 4 types of pathology?
The American Osteopathic Board of Pathology also recognizes four primary specialties: anatomic pathology, dermatopathology, forensic pathology, and laboratory medicine. Pathologists may pursue specialised fellowship training within one or more subspecialties of either anatomical or clinical pathology.
What is difference between pathogenesis and pathophysiology?
As nouns the difference between pathogenesis and pathophysiolo- gy is that pathogenesis is the origin and development of a disease while pathophysiology is (pathology) the physiological processes associated with disease or injury.
What are the types of arteriosclerosis?
The three main types of arteriosclerosis include: Atherosclerosis: In this type, the large arteries are hardened and narrowed. Moenckeberg medial calcific sclerosis: The hardening of small to medium-sized arteries. Arteriolosclerosis: The calcification of small arteries.
Which layer is affected by atherosclerosis?
The arterial wall is made up of three distinct layers—an outer layer of tissue (adventitia), a muscular middle layer (media), and an inner layer of epithelial cells (intima); the latter is the one most commonly affected by arteriosclerosis.
When does atherosclerosis develop?
“Atherosclerosis usually starts in the teens and 20s, and by the 30s we can see changes in most people,” says cardiologist Matthew Sorrentino MD, a professor at The University of Chicago Medicine. In the early stages, your heart-related screening tests, like cholesterol checks, might still come back normal.
Who discovered atherosclerosis?
Felix Marchand apparently first introduced the term “atherosclerosis” in 1904, and he suggested that atherosclerosis was responsible for almost all obstructive processes in the arteries. In 1908, A.I. Ignatowski described a relationship between cholesterol-rich food and experimental atherosclerosis.
What are two of the hallmark signs of atherosclerosis?
What are the 4 stages of pathogenesis?
To cause disease, a pathogen must successfully achieve four steps or stages of pathogenesis: exposure (contact), adhesion (colonization), invasion, and infection.