What is ponticulus posticus?
Ponticulus Posticus means “little posterior bridge” in Latin. It is defined as an abnormal small bony bridge which is formed between the posterior portion of the superior articular process and the posterolateral portion of the superior margin of the posterior arch of the atlas [1].
What is Posticus?
The ponticulus posticus is a bony bridge in the first cervical vertebra between the lateral mass and the posterior arch. It results due to ossification of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament of atlas and encloses the vertebral artery and the first cervical nerve root [6].
What is Kimmerle anomaly?
Kimmerle anomaly (foramen arcuate, foramen retroarticular, ponticuli posticus, canalis Bildungi) is the bony ridge between the superoposterior lateral mass of atlas and its posterior arch or transverse process, which forms because of complete or incomplete ossification of the posterior atlantooccipital membrane.
What is posterior Ponticle?
The arcuate foramen (foramen arcuate atlantis, ponticulus posticus or posterior ponticle, or Kimerle anomaly) is a frequently encountered normal variant of the atlas and is easily appreciated on a lateral plain film of the craniocervical junction.
What causes arcuate foramen?
The arcuate foramen is an anatomic variant that is thought to arise from ossification of the posterior atlanto-occipital membrane. Owing to potential entrapment of the vertebral artery segment that traverses the foramen, vertebrobasilar ischemia may occur, and the person may experience vertigo, headache, or neck pain.
What does the vertebral artery supply?
The vertebral arteries run through the spinal column in the neck to provide blood to the brain and spine. The vertebral arteries are part of the circulatory system. They carry blood to the brain and spinal cord, which are part of the nervous system.
What is Bow Hunter syndrome?
Bow Hunter’s syndrome (BHS), also known as rotational vertebral artery syndrome is a form of vertebrobasilar insufficiency (VBI) in which the vertebral artery (VA) is mechanically compressed by the transverse process of a cervical vertebrae or surrounding structures when the head is turned more than 45° to the right or …
What is Klippel Feil syndrome?
Definition. Klippel-Feil Syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by the congenital fusion of two or more cervical (neck) vertebrae. It is caused by a failure in the normal segmentation or division of the cervical vertebrae during the early weeks of fetal development.
What is arcuate foramen?
What is congenital block vertebrae?
Congenital block vertebrae are the result of a segmentation disorder in which the chorda dorsalis fails to form the nucleus pulposus, resulting in a rudimentary fibrous intervertebral junction or the complete absence of any disk-like structure [1].
What happens if the vertebral artery is blocked?
These arteries supply blood to the brainstem and the cerebellum. Like carotid artery stenosis, vertebral artery stenosis is highly dangerous and can prevent oxygen from reaching the brain. When the brain doesn’t get enough oxygen, a stroke, or even death, can occur.
Can vertebral artery cause vertigo?
In a vertebral artery dissection, blood enters between layers of the vertebral artery, resulting in diminished blood flow. This can cause a stroke, dizziness and vertigo, visual disturbances, and numerous other neurological disturbances.
What is a positive VBI test?
If the patient has VBI symptoms during the test, it is considered a positive result and a contraindication for cervical manipulation. The specifics of VA testing vary among authors. The test is positive if the patient complains of dizziness, visual changes, or nystagmus occurs.
What is the life expectancy of a person with Hunter syndrome?
No cure is available for Hunter syndrome. The most severe cases can be life-threatening, with life expectancy typically between 10 and 20 years. People with mild cases of the disease typically live longer into adulthood.
What are the signs and symptoms of Klippel-Feil syndrome?
Klippel-Feil syndrome (KFS) symptoms can range from minor discomfort to severe pain and limited range of motion in the neck.
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Signs and Symptoms of KFS
- Visibly shortened neck and/or low hairline behind head.
- Reduced neck mobility.
- Neck pain.
- Headaches.
- Cervical radiculopathy.
- Cervical myelopathy.
What causes butterfly vertebrae?
Butterfly vertebra (also sometimes known as a sagittal cleft vertebra or anterior rachischisis) is a type of vertebral anomaly that results from the failure of fusion of the lateral halves of the vertebral body because of persistent notochordal tissue between them.
What is the most common congenital spinal defect?
The most prevalent types of NTDs are anencephaly, encephalocele and spina bifida.
What is the most common defect of the vertebral column?
The most common location for hemivertebrae is the midthoracic region (especially T8), and they are the most likely vertebral defect to cause neurological problems. There are four distinct types: incarcerated, nonincarcerated, segmented, and unsegemented.
How do you treat a blocked vertebral artery?
Endarterectomy is a well-studied surgical procedure that has been used to treat narrowed or blocked arteries since the 1950s. During the procedure a surgeon makes an incision in the neck, opens the affected vertebral artery, and removes any plaque that is blocking the vessel.
What is the treatment for vertebral artery stenosis?
Percutaneous angioplasty and stenting for the treatment of extracranial vertebral artery (VA) stenosis seems a safe, effective and useful technique for resolving symptoms and improving blood flow to the posterior circulation, with a low complication rate and good long-term results.
What are the symptoms of a blocked vertebral artery?
These symptoms may include:
- Loss of vision in part or all of both eyes.
- Double vision.
- Vertigo (spinning sensation)
- Numbness or tingling.
- Nausea and vomiting.
- Slurred speech.
- Loss of coordination, dizziness or confusion.
- Trouble swallowing.
What are the symptoms of vertebral artery stenosis?
What are the symptoms of vertebral artery stenosis?
- dizziness or vertigo.
- sudden, unexplained falls that occur without loss of consciousness (known as “drop attacks”)
- sudden, severe weakness in the legs that can cause falls.
- trouble seeing in one or both eyes, including blurred or double vision.
What are the 5 D’s of vertebral artery insufficiency?
Positive symptoms include (The 5 D’s) dizziness, diplopia, dysarthria, dysphagia, drop attacks, nausea and vomiting, sensory changes, nystagmus, etc.
What is the most common cause of VBI?
The most frequent cause of the hemodynamic changes that lead to the development of VBI is atherosclerosis. Other common causes are: embolism, atherosclerosis of great vessels, and arterial dissection. Migraine, fibromuscular dysplasia, coagulopathies, and drug abuse are less frequent causes.
What is the chance that a daughter inherits Hunter syndrome?
Hunter syndrome (MPS II) shows X-linked inheritance. On average, a carrier mother will pass on the mutated gene to 50% of her sons and 50% of her daughters.