What is drug degradation?
PHARMACEUTICAL DEGRADATION. The incapacity or incapability of a particular formulation in a specific container to remain within a particular chemical, microbiological, therapeutical, physical & toxicological specification.
What causes drug degradation?
The degradation of drugs and drug metabolites in samples can occur through either reversible or irreversible processes. Common factors that affect this stability include temperature, light, pH, oxidation and enzymatic degradation.
What are the factors affecting degradation of pharmaceutical products?
Physical and Chemical Factors Influencing the Chemical Degradation of Pharmaceutical Product: Temperature, Solvent, Ionic Strength, Dielectric Constant, Specific & General acid base catalysis
- Influence of the External Factors.
- Temperature.
- Solvent.
- Ionic Strength.
- Dielectric Constant.
- Acid-Base Catalyst.
How can we protect drugs from photolytic degradation?
Photolytic degradation of pharmaceuticals must also be avoided in the primary packing material. Pharmaceuticals are widely protected against UV radiation in this case by amber glasses such as Fiolax amber and Corning 51-L.
What is the process of degradation?
Degradation is the process by which a chemical substance is broken down to smaller molecules by biotic means (biodegradability) or abiotic means (hydrolysis, photolysis or oxidisation). Half-lives (DT50) are used as measures of the stability and persistence of a chemical substance in the environment.
What are types of chemical degradation?
Chemical degradation is defined as a full depolymerization of polymer to the monomers, or partial depolymerization to oligomers and other chemical substances.
…
Chemical Degradation
- Nanoparticle.
- Nanotubes.
- Mechanical Degradation.
- Oxide.
- Enzyme.
- Peptide.
- Protein.
- Surface Active Agent.
What are degradation products?
Degradation products are unwanted chemicals that can develop during the manufacturing, transportation, and storage of drug products and can affect the efficacy of pharmaceutical products.
What are the 4 factors of stability?
Size of the base of support. support. maintain equilibrium. support.
How does temperature affect drug degradation?
When a drug is stored in temperatures that are too high or too low, the drug’s chemical stability will likely be impacted. That means that the drug may degrade and form impurities. While these impurities may not be visually noticeable, this degradation can cause real problems when the drug is administered.
What are the types of degradation?
The five most common forms of environmental degradation [are]: deforestation, rising sea levels, desertification and drought, land degradation, and finally, water and air degradation.
What is degradation and example?
Degradation is the act of lowering something or someone to a less respected state. A president resigning from office is a degradation. It’s also a downcast state. Once the president has resigned, he might feel degradation.
What are degradation impurities?
Degradation Product: An impurity resulting from a chemical change in the drug substance brought about during manufacture and/or storage of the new drug product by the effect of, for example, light, temperature, pH, water, or by reaction with an excipient and/or the immediate container closure system.
How does pH affect drug stability?
Factors affecting drug stability:
pH: Acidic and alkaline pH influence the rate of decomposition of most drugs. Many drugs are stable between pH 4 and 8. Weekly acidic and basic drugs show good solubility when they are ionized and they also decompose faster when they are ionized.
What are the 3 types of equilibrium?
There are three types of equilibrium: stable, unstable, and neutral. Figures throughout this module illustrate various examples.
How does pH affect drug degradation?
What are the different types of drug stability?
The type of stability is generally divided into chemical, physical, microbiological, therapeutic, and toxicological.
What is called degradation?
degradation noun [U] (DESTRUCTION)
the process in which the beauty or quality of something is destroyed or spoiled: environmental degradation.
Why is pH important in drugs?
Objective: pH is a critical factor for all those medications prepared as aqueous liquid forms, because it has an impact on the solubility of the molecule, determining the stability of medications, the biological tolerability of the formulation, and the activity of the molecule.
What are the 2 types of equilibrium?
Type of Equilibrium. Equilibrium is classified as dynamic equilibrium or static equilibrium.
What are 4 categories of equilibrium?
5.6: Types of Equilibrium
- Stable Equilibrium.
- Unstable Equilibrium.
- Metastable Equilibrium.
What is pH of maximum stability?
The pH of maximum stability was determined as pH 6.5 whilst degradation at pH 1.0 and 12.0 is about five orders of magnitude greater than at pH 6.5.
What causes degradation?
“ It occurs when the earth’s natural resources are depleted, and the environment is compromised in the form of extinction of species, pollution in the air, water and soil, and rapid growth in population. Environmental degradation is one of the largest threats that are being looked at in the world today.
What is pH full form?
The full form of pH is Potential of Hydrogen. pH is known as the negative logarithm of H+ ion concentration. Hence the meaning of the name pH is explained as the strength of hydrogen. pH describes the concentration of the hydrogen ions in a solution and it is the indicator of acidity or basicity of the solution.
What is drug pH?
This medication is used to treat symptoms caused by too much stomach acid such as heartburn, upset stomach, or indigestion. It is an antacid that works by lowering the amount of acid in the stomach.