How do you test bitumen for viscosity?
In general, to perform the viscosity test of bitumen, the sample is placed in the viscometer then the flow-out time of bitumen is measured under specified conditions. Finally, the amount of viscosity is determined by multiplying the calibration coefficient of the viscometer by the flow time in seconds.
What is the viscosity of bitumen?
The standard penetration value of bitumen viscosity grade VG-20 is 60 mm at 25 °C. The absolute viscosity of VG-20 bitumen is 1600 to 2400 poise at 60 °C.
Why do we test viscosity on bitumen?
Viscosity test of the bitumen sample is one of the important tests on bitumen to be conducted before road construction. Viscosity measures the degree of fluidity of the bitumen sample. It ensures the quality of the bitumen used as a binder by giving a measure of fluidity at a particular temperature.
How do you test bitumen emulsion?
Distillation tests for Bitumen content
The binder content of the emulsion can be determined by simple evaporation, distillation or indirectly by the water content. Distillation can also determine the content of oil distillate in the emulsion as well as recover the residual bitumen.
What is unit of viscosity?
The unit of viscosity is newton-second per square metre, which is usually expressed as pascal-second in SI units.
What are the uses of viscosity test?
Viscosity measurements are used in the food industry to maximize production efficiency and cost effectiveness. It affects the rate at which a product travels through a pipe, how long it takes to set or dry, and the time it takes to dispense the fluid into packaging.
How do you test for viscosity?
Viscosity can also be measured by applying oscillating vibrations to the sample and monitoring the damping effects of the fluid. These can be assessed by monitoring power input, the decay time of oscillations, or changes in the resonated frequency.
How do you measure viscosity?
What are the types of bitumen emulsion?
Based upon the time taken by the water to evaporate, bitumen emulsion is further classified into 3 types based on setting time: Slow setting emulsion. Medium setting emulsion. Rapid setting emulsion.
What is bitumen emulsion used for?
Bitumen emulsions are by far the most commonly used binder in cold paving technologies, allowing numerous applications such as tack coats, microsurfacings and chip seals (Salomon, 2006; SFERB, 2006).
How is viscosity calculated?
There are several formulas and equations to calculate viscosity, the most common of which is Viscosity = (2 x (ball density – liquid density) x g x a^2) ÷ (9 x v), where g = acceleration due to gravity = 9.8 m/s^2, a = radius of ball bearing, and v = velocity of ball bearing through liquid.
What is called viscosity?
Viscosity can also be thought of as a measure of a fluid’s thickness or its resistance to objects passing through it. A fluid with large viscosity resists motion because its strong intermolecular forces give it a lot of internal friction, resisting the movement of layers past one another.
What is the principle of viscosity?
The principle of Viscosity is stated here: When a layer of Liquid is subjected to move upon a surface or another layer of the same Liquid, the Fluid particles tend to oppose such movement; this resisting force developed by a Liquid is called Viscosity.
What are the types of viscosity?
Viscosity Types
There are two ways to measure the fluid’s viscosity as follows: Dynamic Viscosity (Absolute Viscosity) Kinematic Viscosity.
What is viscosity test?
Viscosity is the measure of a substance’s resistance to motion under an applied force. The formula for measuring viscosity is fairly simple: viscosity = shear stress / shear rate. The result is typically expressed in centipoise (cP), which is the equivalent of 1 mPa s (millipascal second).
How do you increase the viscosity of bitumen emulsion?
The viscosity of bitumen emulsions increases with increased amount of acid and alkaline under extra shear provided [9]. The viscosity of bitumen emulsion is also influenced by mixing speed and time, droplet size & distribution and emulsifier concentration [10].
What is the difference between bitumen and bitumen emulsion?
Bitumen emulsion is a liquefied type of bitumen with a low viscosity. By dispersing bitumen in water and adding an emulsifier, ordinary bitumen turns into a low viscosity liquid that can easily be used in a variety of applications, including repairing and maintaining roads, waterproofing, spraying, etc.
What is type of viscosity?
Why do we test viscosity?
Gathering viscosity data on a material gives manufacturers the ability to predict how the material will behave in the real world. For example: if toothpaste does not have the correct viscosity, it can either be too difficult to pump out from the tube, or pump out too much.
How can the viscosity of emulsion be reduced?
The simplest way to achieve a viscosity reduction is to heat the product because most liquids become less viscous when they heated. The viscosity decrease is usually accompanied by a decrease in the interfacial tension, more readily making a good emulsion form.
How do you increase viscosity of emulsion?
The viscosity of the continuous phase is increased by solution of stabilizers in the continuous phase of oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions. Mobility of the droplets and their collision frequency decreases. Thus, stabilizers can improve the stability of emulsions by hydrodynamic effects.
Why is viscosity important in emulsion?
These effects of parameters on viscosity and stability of emulsion are required for the design of the process and to increase oil production with various conditions. The results shows that viscosity decreases as temperature and shear rate increase. In contrast, viscosity becomes higher when water cut is lower.
What affects emulsion viscosity?
The effective viscosity of water-in-oil emulsions depends mainly on the volume fraction of dispersed phase and temperature, along with several minor effects, such as shear rate, average droplet size, droplet size distribution, viscosity and density of oil.
What is the viscosity of emulsion?
The viscosity of an emulsion depends on the initial viscosity of the bulk phase, η 0 and the volume fraction of the drops, φ. Many equations are used to describe this dependence and three are shown here. The Einstein equation obviously is the standard for solid particles.