What is antepartum haemorrhage PDF?

What is antepartum haemorrhage PDF?

ANTEPARTUM HAEMORRHAGE It is defined as bleeding from or into the genital tract after the 28th week of pregnancy but before the birth of the baby (the first and second stage of labor are thus included).

What are the types of APH?

Type I: the placenta is located in the lower part of the uterus but does not come close to the cervix. You can usually expect to birth vaginally with this type. Type II (or marginal) – the placenta touches but does not cover the cervix. Type III (or partial) – the placenta partially covers the cervix.

What is APH and symptoms?

Symptoms of antepartum haemorrhage (APH) consist of vaginal bleeding in late pregnancy and before delivery. Along with vaginal bleeding other symptoms may be- (a) In APH due to placenta previa, vaginal bleeding is painless, or bleeding occurs after sexual intercourse.

What are the classification of antepartum haemorrhage?

Classification

What are causes of APH?

The three most important causes of APH are placenta praevia, placental abruption and vasa praevia, these result in high morbidity and mortality for both mother and baby. Other causes of APH include lower genital tract sources such as cervical polyps, vaginitis and cervicitis.

What are the risk factors of APH?

These risk factors include previous APH, previous cesarean section, advanced maternal age (age greater than 35), urban/rural residence, previous termination of pregnancy (curettage), pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), multi-parity, and multiple pregnancy.

What is the main cause of APH?

The most important causes of APH are placenta praevia and placental abruption, although these are not the most common. APH complicates 3–5% of pregnancies and is a leading cause of perinatal and maternal mortality worldwide.

What is APH treatment?

The main complication of placenta praevia is major haemorrhage. Methods that may be used to stop the bleeding include emergency caesarean section, uterine artery ligation or embolisation, intrauterine balloon tamponade or emergency hysterectomy.

What are 3 types of hemorrhage?

There are three main types of bleeding: arterial, venous, and capillary bleeding. These get their names from the blood vessel that the blood comes from.

What is the management of APH?

The mainstays of management of massive haemorrhage are effective communication between clinical staff, resuscitation, monitoring and accurate diagnosis of the underlying cause. The bleeding will be arrested by delivery of the fetus. Severe bleeding: the mother’s life should take priority.

How can you prevent APH?

Antepartum hemorrhage could be prevented by early registration, regular antenatal care, early detection of high risk cases, and early referral to a higher center. Good facilities for cesarean section, availability of blood banks, and use of contraceptives can improve maternal and perinatal outcome of APH.

Which drug is used in APH?

Corticosteroids are given when preterm delivery (less than 37 weeks) is expected. They are associated with a decreased risk of neonatal respiratory distress, necrotizing enterocolitis, and intracranial hemorrhage. The two most used medications are betamethasone and dexamethasone.

What are the 4 types of bleeding?

In general, there are 3 types of bleeding: arterial, venous, and capillary. As you might expect, they are named after the three different types of blood vessels: the arteries, veins, and capillaries. The 3 types of bleeding injuries have different characteristics. Arterial bleeding is usually the most severe.

What is the treatment of hemorrhage?

Treating minor or mild hemorrhages typically involves rest and hydration. Typically, a clot will develop that temporarily limits bleeding while the blood vessel repairs itself. Over time, the surrounding bodily tissues will reabsorb the excess blood.

What is classification of hemorrhage?

World Health Organization

What are 3 types of bleeding?

There are three main types of bleeding: arterial, venous, and capillary bleeding. These get their names from the blood vessel that the blood comes from. Additionally, bleeding can be either external, such as what comes from a minor skin scrape, or internal, such as what comes from an injury to an organ or bone.

What fluids do you give for hemorrhage?

Crystalloid solutions and blood transfusion are the mainstays of pre-hospital and in-hospital treatment of hemorrhagic shock. In the pre-hospital setting four types of fluid are presently recommended: crystalloid solutions, colloid solutions, hypertonic saline and oxygen-carrying blood substitutes.

What are the 3 types of haemorrhage?

3 Types of Bleeding.

In general, there are 3 types of bleeding: arterial, venous, and capillary. As you might expect, they are named after the three different types of blood vessels: the arteries, veins, and capillaries. The 3 types of bleeding injuries have different characteristics.

What’s the cause of hemorrhage?

Injuries, such as cuts or puncture wounds, bone fracture or traumatic brain injury. Violence, such as a gunshot or knife wound, or physical abuse. Viruses that attack the blood vessels, such as viral hemorrhagic fever.

What are the three main methods for controlling bleeding?

The most commonly accepted and utilized methods of hemorrhage control are direct pressure, elevation and the use of pressure points. All three should be used in order to attempt to control bleeding. As the amount of volume loss increases or the severity of the wound dictates, you may need to employ all three methods.

What are the 3 main types of IV fluids?

There are three types of IV fluids:

• Isotonic.
• Hypotonic.
• Hypertonic.

What is the treatment for haemorrhage?

What causes haemorrhage?

What are the 3 types of bleeding?

There are three main types of bleeding: arterial, venous, and capillary bleeding. Arterial bleeding occurs in the arteries, which transport blood from the heart to the body.

What is the first step of bleeding control?

Stop the bleeding.
Place a sterile bandage or clean cloth on the wound. Press the bandage firmly with your palm to control bleeding. Apply constant pressure until the bleeding stops. Maintain pressure by binding the wound with a thick bandage or a piece of clean cloth.