What is pharmacodynamics in pharmacy?
Pharmacodynamics is the study of a drug’s molecular, biochemical, and physiologic effects or actions. It comes from the Greek words “pharmakon,” meaning “drug,” and “dynamikos,” meaning “power.”
How does body composition affect drug distribution?
The main factors that affect the tissue distribution of drugs are body composition, regional blood flow and the affinity of the drug for plasma proteins and/or tissue components. Obese people have larger absolute lean body masses as well as fat masses than non-obese individuals of the same age, gender and height.
Which of the following are potential side effects of NSAIDs in older adults?
NSAIDs, like other drugs, have the risk of side effects. Older people and those with some chronic illnesses may have increased risk for side effects from NSAIDs.
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These include:
- irritation or pain.
- heartburn.
- gas.
- diarrhea or constipation.
- bleeding and ulcers.
- nausea.
- vomiting.
What are the 4 steps of pharmacodynamics?
Think of pharmacokinetics as a drug’s journey through the body, during which it passes through four different phases: absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME).
What is difference between pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics?
Pharmacokinetics vs. Pharmacodynamics. The main difference between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics is that pharmacokinetics (PK) is defined as the movement of drugs through the body, whereas pharmacodynamics (PD) is defined as the body’s biological response to drugs.
What are the 4 factors that can affect drug distribution?
Drug distribution is impacted by several factors related to the drug and the body. The drug-related factors include blood and tissue binding proteins, pH, and perfusion. The body-related factors include body water composition, fat composition, diseases (e.g., volume depletion, burns, third spacing).
How does pH affect drug distribution?
When pH is equal to pKa, then 50% of the drug molecules will be ionized and 50% unionized. Acidic drugs will be more unionized when the pH is less than pKa, that is, when the pH is acidic. Basic drugs will be more unionized when pH is above the pKa for the drug, that is, when the pH is basic.
What organs are damaged mostly by taking NSAIDs?
The action of NSAIDs on major organs including stomach, small intestine, heart, liver, kidney, respiratory tract and brain is mainly mediated through PGHS-dependent prostanoid modulation and alteration of mitochondrial functional integrity leading to mitochondrial oxidative stress (MOS) generation, depolarization of …
What are the 3 most common NSAIDs?
Most Common Types of NSAIDs
- Aspirin (Bayer, Bufferin, and Ecotrin, St. Joseph).
- Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin). Ibuprofen can treat a range of conditions including post-surgical pain and pain from inflammatory diseases, such as ankylosing spondylitis.
- Naproxen (Aleve, Anaprox DS, Naprosyn).
- Celecoxib (Celebrex).
What are the 3 phases of drug action?
A tablet or capsule taken by mouth goes through three phases—pharmaceutic, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic—as drug actions occur. In the pharmaceutic phase, the drug becomes a solution so that it can cross the biologic membrane.
What is ABCD in pharmacology?
For pharmacokinetics we use the acronym ABCD, standing for administration, bioavailability, clearance and distribution. Administration is factors relating to dosing and adherence.
What are 4 types of drugs?
7 Drug Categories
- (1) Central Nervous System (CNS) Depressants. CNS depressants slow down the operations of the brain and the body.
- (2) CNS Stimulants.
- (3) Hallucinogens.
- (4) Dissociative Anesthetics.
- (5) Narcotic Analgesics.
- (6) Inhalants.
- (7) Cannabis.
What is half-life of a drug?
The half-life of a drug is the time it takes for the amount of a drug’s active substance in your body to reduce by half. This depends on how the body processes and gets rid of the drug. It can vary from a few hours to a few days, or sometimes weeks.
What is the most important factor that affects drug absorption?
The most important means by which a drug crosses cell membranes is passive diffusion, the rate of which is determined by molecular size, the concentration gradient, lipid solubility, degree of ionization of the drug and protein binding.
How pH affect drug stability?
Factors affecting drug stability:
pH: Acidic and alkaline pH influence the rate of decomposition of most drugs. Many drugs are stable between pH 4 and 8. Weekly acidic and basic drugs show good solubility when they are ionized and they also decompose faster when they are ionized.
Why is the pKa of a drug important?
pKa is a value that indicates the acidity and basicity in a balanced aqueous solution. To absorb the medicine you take, the molecules inside the drug must not have an electrical charge, which allows them to pass through our membrane.
Which NSAID is safest for kidneys?
Ibuprofen was the safest NSAID, conferring a significant 12% increased risk of incident eGFR less than 60, 32% increased risk of an eGFR decline of 30% or greater, and 34% increased risk of the composite outcome. Etoricoxib had the largest negative effect on kidney function.
What is the safest NSAID for long term use?
In contrast, naproxen seems to have the safest cardiovascular profile and is the best treatment option in patients with high cardiovascular risk.
What is the strongest NSAID?
Research shows diclofenac is the strongest and most effective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicine available.
Is Tramadol an NSAID?
Topical tramadol may be prescribed for people with musculoskeletal pain. Tramadol is not approved for as-needed pain relief. It is not a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). It works differently than NSAIDs and has different side effects.
What are the 4 stages of pharmacokinetics?
Think of pharmacokinetics as a drug’s journey through the body, during which it passes through four different phases: absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). The four steps are: Absorption: Describes how the drug moves from the site of administration to the site of action.
What are the 4 types of drug receptors?
Receptors can be subdivided into four main classes: ligand-gated ion channels, tyrosine kinase-coupled, intracellular steroid and G-protein-coupled (GPCR).
What are the 5 processes of pharmacokinetics?
Pharmacokinetics is the movement of a drug through the body’s biological systems, these processes include absorption, distribution, bioavailability, metabolism, and elimination.
What are the 7 drug categories?
What is the 6 classification of drugs?
The 6 Classifications of Drugs. When considering only their chemical makeup, there are six main classifications of drugs: alcohol, opioids, benzodiazepines, cannabinoids, barbiturates, and hallucinogens.