What types of defenses do plants have against herbivory?
Plants respond to herbivore attack through an intricate and dynamic defense system that includes structural barriers, toxic chemicals, and attraction of natural enemies of the target pests (Fig. 1). Both defense mechanisms (direct and indirect) may be present constitutively or induced after damage by the herbivores.
What are the 3 types of plant defenses?
These compounds usually belong to one of three large chemical classes: terpenoids, phenolics, and alkaloids.
What is herbivory defense?
Plant defense against herbivory or host-plant resistance (HPR) describes a range of adaptations evolved by plants which improve their survival and reproduction by reducing the impact of herbivores. Plants can sense being touched, and they can use several strategies to defend against damage caused by herbivores.
What are constitutive defenses?
Constitutive defences include mechanical barriers such as in animals, the skin and gut walls in addition to preformed antimicrobials in vertebrates [2], the phenyloxydase cascade in invertebrates [4], alongside numerous plant toxins that generally act constitutively [5].
Which of the following is not a plant defense against herbivory?
The correct answer is (c) Flower colors.
What are some examples of defenses against herbivory quizlet?
-Lignin (a nitrogen-based compound). -Alkaloids. -Terpenes. -Tannins—Phenolics.
What are two types of plant defenses?
There are two main types of plant defenses: constitutive and induced.
- Constitutive – A constitutive defense is one that is always present in the plant.
- Induced – An induced defense is a temporary defense that is targeted to defend against an area of the plant where it has been attacked or injured.
What are 2 chemical Defences of plants?
Chemical defences
Some plants have developed stinging cells and trichomes that inject irritating chemicals like histamines into herbivore skin, deterring the animals from consuming the plant.
What is the difference between constitutive and induced defenses?
Both types are achieved through similar means but differ in that constitutive defenses are present before an herbivore attacks, while induced defenses are activated only when attacks occur.
What are the most common plant defense mechanisms?
If thorns, spines, prickles, and trichomes are the spear brigade, idioblasts are the landmines. Specialized cells that contain a variety of defensive compounds, from razor-sharp crystals to pain-inducing chemicals, idioblasts detonate when the first line of defense has been breached.
Which of the following is a chemical defense of plants?
Plants also draw upon a complex arsenal of small-molecule chemical defenses including terpenoids, alkaloids, phenylpropanoids, glucosinolates, lipids, and nonprotein amino acids [19].
What is true about inducible defenses quizlet?
Inducible defenses are beneficial in many circumstances because they are only produced when needed, saving the plant energy. However, inducible defenses take time to mobilize, so constitutive defenses may be more prevalent when herbivory is more constant than it is variable.
How many defense methods are seen in plants?
Botanical Barbarity: 9 Plant Defense Mechanisms.
How many main types of defense mechanisms are there in plants?
What is active defense chemical in plants?
The most diverse class of bioactive natural products in plants is terpenoids, with approximately 40,000 structures. Terpenoids are synthesized from acetyl-CoA and play a role in plant defense, can act like active compounds in resin or as volatiles, repellents, and toxins, or can modify development in herbivores [26].
What are two chemical defenses of plants?
What are the induced defense mechanism of plants?
The first line of defense in plants is an intact and impenetrable barrier composed of bark and a waxy cuticle. Both protect plants against herbivores. Other adaptations against herbivores include hard shells, thorns (modified branches), and spines (modified leaves).
What is a specific plant Defence mechanism?
Beyond bark and the waxy cuticle, each plant cell has a cellulose cell wall which acts as another barrier against infection. Some pathogens overcome this barrier by releasing enzymes that soften the cell wall.
What is an inducible response?
Inducible defenses are responses activated through a previous encounter with a consumer or competitor that confer some degree of resistance to subsequent attacks.
What is niche differentiation quizlet?
What is niche differentiation? a. the evolution of traits that reduce niche overlap and competition.
What is an example of a plant defense?
Plant defenses are diverse. Plant defenses. From left to right: thorns on a rose, ants that kill herbivores feeding on plant nectar, tea leaves that contain caffeine (toxic to insects) and the microscopic silica serrated edge of a grass leaf. Animals use many ways to avoid their predators.
What are the five defense mechanisms?
Both Freuds studied defence mechanisms, but Anna spent more of her time and research on five main mechanisms: repression, regression, projection, reaction formation, and sublimation. All defence mechanisms are responses to anxiety and how the consciousness and unconscious manage the stress of a social situation.
What’s the meaning of inducible?
capable of being induced
Definition of inducible
: capable of being induced: such as. a : formed by a cell in response to the presence of its substrate inducible enzymes. b : activated or undergoing expression only in the presence of a particular molecule an inducible promoter.
What is niche differentiation?
In ecology, niche differentiation (also known as niche segregation, niche separation and niche partitioning) refers to the process by which competing species use the environment differently in a way that helps them to coexist.
What is niche differentiation select one?
What is niche differentiation? A. the evolution of traits that reduce niche overlap and competition. B. interactions that allow species to occupy their fundamental niche.