Who invented the word eco terrorism?
Ron Arnold
What is Ecoterrorism? The term “ecoterrorism” was first introduced by Ron Arnold in a 1983 article, where it was defined as “a crime committed to save nature” (Joosse 2012). The term became a household name in the 90’s with the increased activity of groups like Earth Liberation Front (ELF).
What does Ecoterrorism mean?
For the purposes of this article, “eco-terrorism” is used to denote the use or threatened use of violence of a criminal nature against innocent victims or property by an environmentally oriented subnational group for environmental-political reasons, aimed at an audience beyond the target, and often of a symbolic nature …
How does terrorism affect the environment?
Terrorism has a harming effect not only on economic and social life but also on the environment. The environmental damages caused by terrorism include, but not limited to, terrestrial conflicts, terrorist camps and bases, training activities, the carbon dioxide emissions (CO2) related to energy consumption.
What is eco war?
Eco-Wars investigates an antibiotechnology campaign aimed at drug companies; an animal rights effort directed against the agricultural industry; an anti-pesticide campaign focused on the chemical industry; a property rights fight against environmental groups; and a secondhand smoke campaign opposing tobacco companies.
What is an example of ecoterrorism?
This kind of terrorism, also known as bioterrorism, includes, for example, threats to contaminate water supplies or to destroy or disable energy utilities, as well as practices such as the deployment of anthrax or other biological agents.
Has the ALF killed anyone?
In 2002 the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), which monitors extremism in the United States, noted the involvement of the ALF in the Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty campaign, which SPLC identified as using terrorist tactics—though a later SPLC report also noted that they have not killed anyone.
Who invented terrorism?
Most scholars today trace the origins of the modern tactic of terrorism to the Jewish Sicarii Zealots who attacked Romans and Jews in 1st-century Palestine. They follow its development from the Persian Order of Assassins through to 19th-century anarchists.
How does terrorism affect economy?
The economy of an area affected by terrorism suffers an immediate impact due to loss of property and funds used to repair buildings and infrastructure damage. It also suffers long term effects as financial markets slowly recover from the shock of the attack.
Is the Earth Liberation Front still active?
The Earth Liberation Front is now an international organization with actions reported in 17 countries and is widely regarded as descending from Animal Liberation Front because of the relationship and cooperation between the two movements.
Is Greenpeace eco terrorism?
Greenpeace is not known for its direct involvement in eco-terrorist behavior, although it is an important foundation from which other environmentalist groups originated and have become involved in acts of eco-terrorism. One of these groups is the Sea Shepard Conservation Society.
Does PETA support animal abuse?
PETA operates under the simple principle that animals are not ours to experiment on, eat, wear, use for entertainment, or abuse in any other way. PETA informs policymakers and the public about animal abuse and promotes kind treatment of animals.
How much does the CEO of PETA make?
Thirty-seven percent of PETA’s dedicated staff earn between $30,000 and $44,999, including President Ingrid Newkirk, who made $31,285 during the fiscal year ending July 31, 2016.
What are the two major forms of terrorism?
Law enforcement generally recognizes two types of terrorism: domestic and international. Domestic terrorism is based and executed in the United States by our own citizens without foreign direction. International terrorism, which is connected to foreign governments or groups, transcends our nation’s boundaries.
How many types of terrorism are there in the world?
One popular typology identifies three broad classes of terrorism: revolutionary, subrevolutionary, and establishment. Although this typology has been criticized as inexhaustive, it provides a useful framework for understanding and evaluating terrorist activities.
What are the five major hazards of terrorism?
Hazard Description
Acts of terrorism include threats of terrorism; assassinations; kidnappings; hijackings; bomb scares and bombings; cyber-attacks (computer-based attacks); and the use of chemical, biological, nuclear, and radiological weapons (FEMA 2009).
How Does globalization cause terrorism?
Global terrorism can stem from the adverse effects of globalization, imbalance of power, disparity of players, and power vacuum. Failed states, separatist minorities and radicals use terrorism as warfare in order to counterbalance the power gap or to consolidate their authority.
What are the goals of the Earth Liberation Front?
The ELF website contains the following goals and guidelines: To inflict economic damage on those profiting from the destruction and exploitation of the natural environment. To reveal and educate the public on the atrocities committed against the earth and all species that populate it.
Which animal rights group is the most extreme?
In recent years, the Animal Liberation Front and the Earth Liberation Front have become the most active criminal extremist elements in the United States.
When was the Green Scare?
It is first known to have appeared in 2002 in the wake of the February 12 congressional hearings titled “The Threat of Eco-Terrorism”, which discussed groups including the Earth Liberation Front (ELF) and the Animal Liberation Front (ALF).
Is PETA male or female name?
The name Peta is girl’s name of Spanish, Greek, Native American origin meaning “golden eagle, or rock, stone”. Too tightly tied to the acronym for the activist group People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals.
What has PETA done good?
Nonetheless, PETA has achieved a litany of animal-rights reforms: convincing some of the world’s largest fashion brands not to use fur, animal-testing bans by thousands of personal-care companies, ending the use of animals in automobile crash tests, closing the Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey’s Circus and …
Are all PETA employees vegan?
Some of our positions do require you to be vegan (e.g., all positions related to campaigns, fundraising and development, and media spokespeople). However, many roles do not require this. We look for compassionate people to work for the organization.
Did PETA donate to an arsonist?
In addition to its large contributions in support of the ALF arsonist Rodney Coronado, PETA has contributed funds to other animal liberation and environmentalist extremists.
What are the 8 phases of terrorism?
Documenting details of events or behaviors witnessed is important, no matter how small or insignificant they may seem.
- Surveillance.
- Inquiries.
- Tests of Security.
- Fundraising.
- Acquiring Supplies.
- Suspicious/Out-Of-Place Behavior.
- Dry Runs.
- Deploying Assets/Getting Into Position.
What are the characteristics of terrorism?
Terrorism is often, though not always, defined in terms of four characteristics: (1) the threat or use of violence; (2) a political objective; the desire to change the status quo; (3) the intention to spread fear by committing spectacular public acts; (4) the intentional targeting of civilians.