How does CHOP induce apoptosis?
The PERK-ATF4-CHOP pathway can induce apoptosis by binding to the death receptor pathway and upregulating the expression of death receptor 4 (DR4) and DR5. CHOP regulates DR4 or DR5, or both DR4 and DR5 to induce apoptosis is dependent on the different cell types and stimulus.
How does thapsigargin cause ER stress?
Thapsigargin also interferes with mechanisms of autophagy. It does this by inhibiting fusion of autophagosomes to lysosomes. The increased calcium levels, and dysregulated autophagy leads to ER stress,. The final result will lead to apoptosis and cell death.
What does the CHOP gene do?
CHOP belongs to the family of CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins (C/EBPs) and is involved in the regulation of genes that encode proteins involved in proliferation, differentiation and expression, and energy metabolism. CHOP is a 29 kD protein with 169 (human) or 168 (rodents) amino acid residues.
What is chop in biology?
DNA damage-inducible transcript 3, also known as C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), is a pro-apoptotic transcription factor that is encoded by the DDIT3 gene. It is a member of the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) family of DNA-binding transcription factors.
What are Chopps?
1 : jaw. 2a : mouth. b : the fleshy covering of the jaws a dog licking its chops. 3 : embouchure broadly : the technical facility of a musical performer.
What is CHOP used for?
An abbreviation for a chemotherapy combination that is used to treat non-Hodgkin lymphoma and is being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. It includes the drugs cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin hydrochloride (hydroxydaunorubicin), vincristine sulfate (Oncovin), and prednisone. Also called CHOP.
What are jazz chops?
(plural only, slang) One’s skill at musical interpretation and delivery (originally of jazz); musical performance ability. Although the bass player had no experience playing in New Orleans, the crowd’s enthusiastic response showed that he had the chops to make it in the very particular Crescent City jazz scene.
What is an unfolded protein called?
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a cellular stress response related to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. It has been found to be conserved between all mammalian species, as well as yeast and worm organisms.
What happens during the unfolded protein response?
The unfolded protein response is the mechanism by which cells control endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein homeostasis. Under normal conditions, the UPR is not activated; however, under certain stresses, such as hypoxia or altered glycosylation, the UPR can be activated due to an accumulation of unfolded proteins.
What is another name for thapsigargin?
Thapsigargin
| Names | |
|---|---|
| Preferred IUPAC name (3S,3aR,4S,6S,6aR,7S,8S,9bS)-3,3a-Dihydroxy-3,6,9-trimethyl-2-oxo-2,3,3a,4,5,6,6a,7,8,9b-decahydroazuleno[4,5-b]furan-4,6,7,8-tetrayl 6-acetate 4-butanoate 8-[(2Z)-2-methylbut-2-enoate] 7-octanoate | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number | 67526-95-8 |
| 3D model (JSmol) | Interactive image |
What happens if endoplasmic reticulum fails?
A malfunction of the ER stress response caused by aging, genetic mutations, or environmental factors can result in various diseases such as diabetes, inflammation, and neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and bipolar disorder, which are collectively known as ‘conformational …
What happens if the rough ER is damaged?
Protein Folding in the Rough ER Misfolded proteins may not function properly, and this malfunction can even cause human disease.
What is apoptotic necrosis?
Here, the term apoptotic necrosis describes dead cells that have reached this state via the apoptotic program (81). The presence of necrosis tells us that a cell has died but not necessarily how death occurred (115).
What is the PMID for nitric oxide-induced apoptosis?
PMID 10713066. Gotoh T, Oyadomari S, Mori K, Mori M (April 2002). “Nitric oxide-induced apoptosis in RAW 264.7 macrophages is mediated by endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway involving ATF6 and CHOP”.
Is GADD153 involved in deoxycholic acid-induced apoptosis?
“Activator protein-1 and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein mediated GADD153 expression is involved in deoxycholic acid-induced apoptosis”. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) – Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids. 1583 (1): 108–16. doi: 10.1016/s1388-1981 (02)00190-7.
How does apoptosis trigger cell death?
At the same time, CHOP-induced apoptosis can also trigger cell death by inhibiting the expression of cell cycle regulatory protein, p21. The p21 protein inhibits the G1 phase of the cell cycle as well as regulates the activity of pre-apoptotic factors.