What are MMP-2 and MMP-9?
Gelatinases (matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9) are enzymes from the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) family, which are associated with collagen degradation. MMP-2 is capable of cleaving gelatine, types I and IV collagens, while MMP-9 is incapable of direct proteolysis of collagen I and digests collagen type IV.
What is the role of metalloproteinases?
MMPs play an important role in tissue remodeling during various physiological processes, such as embryogenesis, morphogenesis, angiogenesis, and wound repair. During normal biological processes, such as pregnancy and wound healing, alterations in MMP expression and activity occur [1].
What is MMP in microbiology?
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) constitute a large family of enzymes with specificity for the various proteins of the extracellular matrix which are implicated in tissue remodeling processes and chronic inflammatory conditions.
How many MMP are there?
In vertebrates, there are 28 different types of MMPs [1,2,8,9,11,12,13,16,17], at least 23 are expressed in human tissue [1]. MMPs can be subdivided according to bioinformatic analysis, in 5 types [23]: Non-furin regulated MMPs (MMP-1, -3, -7, -8, -10, -12, -13, -20, and -27);
What does MMP-9 do?
Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, one of the most widely investigated MMPs, regulates pathological remodeling processes that involve inflammation and fibrosis in cardiovascular disease. MMP-9 directly degrades extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and activates cytokines and chemokines to regulate tissue remodeling.
What does MMP-2 degrade?
Pathogenesis of Aortic Aneurysms
MMP-2, or gelatinase A, is another MMP found to be important in AAA pathogenesis. It too has the capacity to degrade elastin, but unlike MMP-9, it can degrade intact fibrillar collagen.
Where are metalloproteinases found?
The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a subfamily within the M10 family of endopeptidases of the metzincin clan (M10A; Rawlings et al., 2012) They are found in lower eukaryotes and in plants but diversified substantially during the evolution of the vertebrates (Fanjul-Fernandez et al., 2010).
Where does MMP 13 come from?
MMP-13 (collagenase 3) belongs to the collagenase subgroup of the MMP family because of its structural similarity to MMP-1 (collagenase 1) and its ability to cleave interstitial fibrillar collagens. It was originally cloned from human breast cancer tissue [8].
Which MMPs are Collagenases?
Collagenases. MMP-1, MMP-8, MMP-13, and MMP-18 (Xenopus) are in this group. The key feature of these enzymes is their ability to cleave interstitial collagens I, II, and III at a specific site three-fourths from the N-terminus. Collagenases can also digest a number of other ECM and non-ECM molecules.
Where are MMPs found?
Molecular Cell Biology
A number of the human MMP genes (MMP-1,-3,-7,-8,-10,-12,-13, and -20) are clustered on chromosome 11 at 11q21-23. Other MMP genes are found on chromosomes 1, 8, 12, 14, 16, 20, and 22 (Ugalde et al., 2010).
How is MMP-9 produced?
MMP-9 or gelatinase B is also a type IV collagenase that has a gene locus on chromosome 20q11. 2-q13. 1. MMP-9 is produced by a variety of cells including epithelial cells, fibroblasts, keratinocytes, osteoblasts, dendritic cells, macrophages, granulocytes, and T-cells.
What is MMP-9 biomarker?
Abstract. As one of the most widely investigated matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), MMP-9 is a significant protease which plays vital roles in many biological processes. MMP-9 can cleave many extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins to regulate ECM remodeling.
What activates MMP?
The MMP activation by reactive oxygen is driven through preferential oxidation of the thiol–zinc interaction and autocatalytic cleavage, followed by enzyme inactivation with extended exposure by modification of amino acids critical for catalytic activity, as shown in vitro for MMP-7 [30].
What activates MMP-9?
Activation of MMP-9 requires a disruption of the cysteine interaction with the zinc atom thus exposing the catalytic site [13]. The most studied mechanism of MMP-9 activation is enzyme proteolysis of the pro-domain.
What is the full form of MMP?
A mission mode project (MMP) is an individual project within the National e-Governance Plan (NeGP) that focuses on one aspect of electronic governance, such as banking, land records or commercial taxes etc.
What is MMP-13 enzyme used for?
MMP-13 (collagenase 3) is the key enzyme in the cleavage of type II collagen and plays a pivotal role in the breakdown of cartilage in osteoarthritic joints [17]. As shown in Figure 1, risk factors may cause an increased expression of both, anabolic and catabolic factors.
What activates MMP13?
NF-κB activation results in the activation of ELF3 and HIF2α, which leads to activation of MMP-13 and facilitates the shift of normal articular chondrocytes to a hypertrophic-like differentiated state, subsequently initiating OA onset [35].
What activates MMPs?
A ProMT-MMP is activated during transport to the cell surface by an intracellular furin-like serine proteinase, at the cell surface by plasmin, or by non-proteolytic conformational changes.
What is the function of MMP-9?
What does high MMP-9 indicate?
Notably, high levels of MMP-9 have been associated with plaque progression, destability and rupture. These various effects exaggerate the inflammatory process, promoting atherosclerosis and increasing the risk of atherothrombosis and cardiovascular (CV) events.
What is MMP-9 test?
Additional Information. MMP-9 is a marker of inflammation, tissue remodeling, wound healing, and mobilization of tissue-bound growth factors and cytokines.
Do MMPs cause inflammation?
Broadly speaking, MMPs contribute to inflammatory processes, and they do so by regulating physical barriers, modulating inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and chemokines, and establishing chemokine gradients in inflamed tissues that regulate the movement of leukocytes at sites of infection or injury.
Where does MMP-13 come from?
Does MMP-13 enzyme cause neuropathy?
We previously reported that MMP-13 activity also underlies paclitaxel(chemotherapy)-induced peripheral neuropathy where it is upregulated specifically in the epidermis.