What is grade 2 hypertensive retinopathy?

What is grade 2 hypertensive retinopathy?

Grade 2: High blood pressure and narrowing of the arteries is more pronounced. Generally no symptoms are present. Grade 3: Signs of damage such as retinal haemorrhage (bleeding) and cotton wool spots, i.e. white patches on the retina, are present upon inspection. Symptoms may be present.

What are the stages of retinopathy?

The four diabetic retinopathy stages are classified as mild, moderate, and severe nonproliferative and proliferative.

What is the exudative phase of hypertensive retinopathy?

Exudative Phase

In this stage, retinal signs occur such as retinal hemorrhage (flame-shaped and dot blot), hard exudate formation, necrosis of smooth muscle cells and retinal ischemia (cotton-wool spots).

What is silver wiring in hypertensive retinopathy?

Silver wiring or copper wiring is where the walls of the arterioles become thickened and sclerosed causing increased reflection of the light. Arteriovenous nipping is where the arterioles cause compression of the veins where they cross. This is again due to sclerosis and hardening of the arterioles.

What are the stages of hypertension?

The 4 stages of hypertension are:

• Elevated blood pressure levels between 120-129/less than 80.
• Hypertension stage 1 is 130-139/80-89 mmHg.
• Hypertension stage 2 is 140/90 mmHg or more.
• Hypertensive crisis is higher than 180/120 or higher.

What is the difference between diabetic retinopathy and hypertensive retinopathy?

Diabetic retinopathy is caused by high blood sugar. Hypertensive retinopathy is caused by high blood pressure. Both conditions are diagnosed by an eye doctor. Treatment options may include surgery, laser treatments, or eye injections.

What are the three types of retinopathy?

There are several types of retinopathy, including:

• Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). ROP occurs in some infants who are born prematurely or at a low birth weight.
• Diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy develops in people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes.

What type of retinopathy is the earliest stage?

Stage 1: Mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy
This is the earliest stage of diabetic retinopathy, characterized by tiny areas of swelling in the blood vessels of the retina. These areas of swelling are known as micro aneurysms.

What are cotton wool spots in hypertensive retinopathy?

Cotton-wool spots (CWSs) are common retinal manifestations of many diseases including diabetes mellitus, systemic hypertension, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Clinically they appear as whitish, fluffy patches on the retina and eventually fade with time.

What are Elschnig spots?

Elschnig spots are small isolated circular areas with central RPE clump, and surrounding areas of depigmentation. They occur secondary to infarctions or fibrinoid necrosis of the choriocapillaris that cause changes in the overlying RPE.

What is the difference between copper and silver wire?

While there is nothing wrong with copper conductor cables, silver has much more conductive properties and interacts with impedance* differently. Most times when people compare a copper to silver conductor cable, their ears immediately pick up that the silver seems audibly brighter.

What are the two most common findings with hypertensive retinopathy?

Common hypertensive retinal changes are flame-shaped hemorrhages in the superficial layers of the retina and cotton-wool patches caused by occlusion of the precapillary arterioles with ischemic infarction of the inner retina.

What are the 4 different types of hypertension classification?

Isolated systolic hypertension, malignant hypertension, and resistant hypertension are all recognized hypertension types with specific diagnostic criteria. Isolated systolic hypertension.

What are the 4 categories of blood pressure?

High blood pressure is classified in one of several categories — and those designations can influence treatment. Doctors classify blood pressure into four categories: normal, prehypertension (mild), stage 1 (moderate) and stage 2 (severe).

Can you reverse hypertensive retinopathy?

There is no cure for these conditions, any vision loss that occurs cannot be reversed. Treatment to reduce the risks of developing retinal artery damage include: Controlling blood pressure. Reducing cholesterol levels.

What is seen in hypertensive retinopathy?

Hypertensive retinopathy is retinal vascular damage caused by hypertension. Signs usually develop late in the disease. Funduscopic examination shows arteriolar constriction, arteriovenous nicking, vascular wall changes, flame-shaped hemorrhages, cotton-wool spots, yellow hard exudates, and optic disk edema.

What are the two types of retinopathy?

Two kinds of diabetic retinopathy have the potential to diminish vision:

• In nonproliferative retinopathy, blood vessels in the retina deteriorate.
• In proliferative retinopathy, new, structurally unstable blood vessels grow on the surface of the retina.
• Proliferative retinopathy can cause retinal detachment.

Is Stage 3 ROP curable?

Stages 1 and 2 — Babies in these stages usually get better without treatment and go on to have healthy vision. Doctors will watch babies carefully to see if their ROP gets worse. Stage 3 — Some babies who develop stage 3 get better with no treatment and go on to have healthy vision.

What is a V nicking?

Retinal arteriovenous nicking (AV nicking) is the phenomenon where the venule is compressed or decreases in its caliber at both sides of an arteriovenous crossing. Recent research suggests that retinal AVN is associated with hypertension and cardiovascular diseases such as stroke.

What causes Roth spots?

It is now believed that Roth spots are the result of retinal capillary rupture and intraretinal hemorrhage. A common thread found in the conditions associated with Roth spots (Table 1) is a predisposition for endothelial dysfunction allowing for retinal capillary disruption.

What are retinal cotton wool spots?

Cotton-wool spots are tiny white areas on the retina, the layer of light-sensing cells lining the back of the eye. Caused by a lack of blood flow to the small retinal blood vessels, they usually disappear without treatment and do not threaten vision. They can, however, be an indication of a serious medical condition.

Why is copper still used instead of silver?

High Conductivity
Surpassed only by silver, copper is a highly conductive metal. This means electricity can pass through it with greater ease, making it ideal for use in electrical wires.

Why is copper wire used instead of silver?

Copper is a better conductor than silver.

What are the 5 different levels of hypertension?

What is high blood pressure (hypertension)?

What is the difference between stage 1 and stage 2 hypertension?

1 The updated guideline redefined hypertension as a systolic blood pressure measurement of 130 mmHg and greater or diastolic blood pressure measurement of 80 mmHg and beyond. 1 As a result, patients with systolic BP measurements greater than or equal to 140/90 mmHg are now considered to have stage 2 hypertension.