What is the significance of monitoring animal populations to disease control?
A major advantage of an efficient disease monitoring programme for wildlife is the early detection of new and ’emerging’ diseases, some of which may have serious zoonotic and economic implications.
What is zoonotic surveillance?
Zoonotic disease surveillance: The ongoing systematic and timely collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of information about the occurrence, distribution, and determinants of diseases transmitted between humans (more…)
How can animal diseases be prevented?
Handwashing
- The best way to avoid diseases acquired from contact with animals is to thoroughly wash hands with soap and water after contact with animals or their environments.
- Handwashing should be supervised in young children. Washing Hands with Soap and Water. Proper handwashing technique for the prevention of illness.
Why is the global tracking of zoonotic diseases important?
Therefore, a global zoonotic disease surveillance system to reduce the emergence of zoonotic diseases in humans and to help detect other livestock diseases early could help to prevent the staggering economic losses associated with zoonotic disease outbreaks.
What are the four main approaches to wildlife disease management?
The primary means to control diseases shared by wildlife include (1) preventive actions, (2) arthropod vector control (if vector-borne), (3) host population control through random or selective culling, habitat management or reproductive control, and (4) vaccination.
What is wildlife surveillance?
Wildlife monitoring is conceived as the surveillance of the natural environment or any of its components. In other words, the regular observation and recording of parameters on a long-term scale to show trends over time.
What are 3 types of zoonotic diseases?
Zoonotic Diseases: Disease Transmitted from Animals to Humans
- Blastomycosis (Blastomyces dermatitidis)
- Psittacosis (Chlamydophila psittaci, Chlamydia psittaci)
- Trichinosis (Trichinella spiralis)
- Cat Scratch Disease (Bartonella henselae)
- Histoplasmosis (Histoplasma capsulatum)
- Coccidiomycosis (Valley Fever)
What are the four types of zoonoses?
Classification. Zoonoses can be classified according to the etiologic agent – viral, bacterial, parasitic, mycotic, or unconventional (prions).
What are some biosecurity measures?
Steps of Prevention:
- Limit non-essential traffic on the farm.
- Allow only clean, disinfected vehicles on your property.
- Keep a record of all farm visitors.
- Have only one entrance/exit.
- Provide disposable footwear.
- Keep other animals and strangers off the property.
How can farm animal diseases be controlled?
The most effective strategy for protecting farm animal health is to prevent or reduce the risks of disease or pest introductions. There are many options for practicing preventative biosecurity, such as controlling traffic in and around livestock areas, and sanitizing boots, tools and work clothing.
What are the different methods of transmission?
Modes of transmission
- Direct. Direct contact. Droplet spread.
- Indirect. Airborne. Vehicleborne. Vectorborne (mechanical or biologic)
What are the common wildlife diseases?
Examples of Common Zoonoses by Species
- Bats: Ebola, SARS, rabies; potentially COVID-19.
- Mosquito: Malaria, Dengue fever, Zika, West Nile, yellow fever.
- Ticks: Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
- Rodents: plague, salmonella, hantavirus.
- Birds: bird flu (H1N1, H5N1), salmonella.
- Cats: ringworm, toxoplasmosis.
What is the appropriate organization to report wildlife disease outbreak?
The Wildlife Health Laboratory (WHL), formerly the Wildlife Investigations Laboratory, was established in 1941 as mandated by Fish and Wildlife Code Section 1008 to conduct wildlife disease investigations. The mission of the WHL is to investigate, monitor, and manage wildlife population health issues in California.
How is wildlife monitored?
Radio-telemetry, radios attached to individual animals, can be used to track animal movements, determine home range size and offer information on habitat use. Remote cameras can offer information about presence of wildlife species, numbers of individuals, behaviors and habitat selection.
What is wildlife disease management?
Three basic forms of management strategies exist for wildlife disease, as follows: prevention of introduction of disease, control of existing disease or eradication. Management may be directed at the disease agent, host population, habitat or be focused on human activities.
What are 4 zoonotic diseases?
The zoonotic diseases of most concern in the U.S. are:
- Zoonotic influenza.
- Salmonellosis.
- West Nile virus.
- Plague.
- Emerging coronaviruses (e.g., severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome)
- Rabies.
- Brucellosis.
- Lyme disease.
Is coronavirus a zoonotic?
Coronaviruses are zoonotic, meaning they are transmitted between animals and people. Detailed investigations found that SARS-CoV was transmitted from civet cats to humans and MERS-CoV from dromedary camels to humans. Several known coronaviruses are circulating in animals that have not yet infected humans.
What are the 3 principles of biosecurity?
A biosecurity plan encompasses three major components of protection: physical security, personnel reliability, and information security. A research facility should consider all three aspects of biosecurity to ensure the safety of their personnel and the security of the biological agents and toxins in use there.
What are the different types of biosecurity?
Biosecurity is made up of three separate, but often blended, sets of actions and overlapping components. These are bio-exclusion, bio-containment, and biomanagement. The goals of the production unit or farm will determine how these are blended into a biosecurity plan.
What are 3 disease control methods?
These measures include: Hand Washing. Infection control standard, contact, droplet and airborne precautions.
What is the key to control animal disease?
Effective surveillance, early detection, transparency and rapid response mechanisms are key to prevent and control animal diseases. Good governance of Veterinary Services is crucial to improve animal health worldwide.
What are the 5 methods of disease transmission?
The transmission of microorganisms can be divided into the following five main routes: direct contact, fomites, aerosol (airborne), oral (ingestion), and vectorborne. Some microorganisms can be transmitted by more than one route.
What are the 4 types of disease transmission?
The modes (means) of transmission are: Contact (direct and/or indirect), Droplet, Airborne, Vector and Common Vehicle.
What are the 5 causes of disease in animals?
Direct causes of disease are: (1) bacteria, (2) viruses, (3) parasites, (4) fungi, (5) nutritional deficiencies, (6) chemical poisons, and (7) unknown causes. Infectious diseases are the greatest threat to livestock health. They are caused by bacteria, viruses, rickettsia and fungi.
What are the steps in reporting an outbreak?
Steps in a Foodborne Outbreak Investigation
- Detect Outbreak. Detect a possible outbreak by monitoring for reported illnesses nationwide.
- Find Illnesses. Define who will be included in the outbreak and find additional illnesses.
- Generate Hypotheses.
- Test Hypotheses.
- Solve Outbreak.
- Control Outbreak.
- Decide End of Outbreak.