What does IL-10 do to B cells?

What does IL-10 do to B cells?

Exogenous IL-10 enhances EBV-induced B-cell growth, while a neutralizing anti-IL-10 antibody inhibits it, suggesting that IL-10 acts as an autocrine growth factor for EBV-infected B lymphocytes. Normal B lymphocytes secrete lower levels of human IL-10 following activation through B-cell receptor or CD40 antigen.

What do SHP 1 and IL-10 have in common with regard to B cell function?

What do SHP-1 and IL-10 have in common with regard to B-cell function? A. Both exert negative regulation of B-cell activity.

What activates IL-10?

In vivo, major sources of IL-10 include T helper cells, monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells, however myriad immune effector cell types are capable of producing IL-10 in certain contexts including B cells, cytotoxic T cells, NK cells, mast cells, and granulocytes like neutrophils and eosinophils.

What does elevated IL-10 mean?

The dramatic early rise in IL-10 – canonically classified as an anti-inflammatory cytokine – appears to be a distinguishing feature of hyperinflammation during severe SARS-CoV-2 infection (6) and several studies indicate that IL-10 levels predict poor outcomes in patients with COVID-19 (7, 8).

What do regulatory B cells do?

Regulatory B cells (Bregs) is a term that encompasses all B cells that act to suppress immune responses. Bregs contribute to the maintenance of tolerance, limiting ongoing immune responses and reestablishing immune homeostasis.

What is CD22 a marker for?

CD22 has been previously characterized as an activation marker of mature B lymphocytes. However, we found that CD22 is expressed early during the ontogeny of B cells in the bone marrow and spleen, and was found on B cells isolated from all the different lymphoid compartments.

What is the difference between CD79a and CD79b?

CD79 consist of two proteins, namely CD79a and CD79b. CD79a recognizes the Ig-alpha protein, and CD79b recognizes the Ig-beta protein of the B-cell antigen component of the B-lymphocyte antigen receptor.

What cell types produce IL-10?

IL-10 was originally described as a cytokine produced specifically by CD4+ Th2 cells, but later studies showed that it was secreted by both Th1 and Th2 cells. IL-10 is also made by CD4+ Foxp3+ CD25+ “natural” regulatory T (T reg) cells and IL-10–induced CD4+ T reg cells (Tr1 cells) (1).

How does IL-10 reduce inflammation?

IL-10 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine. During infection it inhibits the activity of Th1 cells, NK cells, and macrophages, all of which are required for optimal pathogen clearance but also contribute to tissue damage. In consequence, IL-10 can both impede pathogen clearance and ameliorate immunopathology.

Is IL-10 anti-inflammatory?

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is known as an anti-inflammatory cytokine, but it also appears to function as a conserved gatekeeper of fibrotic processes.

How are regulatory B cells activated?

Mechanisms of Activation of Regulatory B Cells

B cells bind antigens via BCR then deliver them to cognate CD4+T cells and become activated with an endogenous signal CD40-CD40L, CD80/86-CD28, and IL-21, and ultimately evolve into Bregs.

How are B cells activated?

B cells are activated when their B cell receptor (BCR) binds to either soluble or membrane bound antigen. This activates the BCR to form microclusters and trigger downstream signalling cascades.

What cell types express CD22?

CD22 is a surface molecule expressed early during the ontogeny of B cells in the bone marrow and spleen, and can be found on B cells isolated from the different lymphoid compartments in humans. CD22 is expressed by most blasts from the majority (60–90%) of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL).

What is CD10 marker?

CD10 is a marker for cycling cells with propensity to apoptosis in childhood ALL – PMC.

What is CD79b a marker for?

In addition, CD79a and CD79b antibodies are useful markers in the diagnosis of precursor B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (pre-B-ALL) because many of these tumors are negative for other B-cell markers, such as CD20 and CD45RA.

Is IL-10 produced by Th2?

IL-10 was originally described as a cytokine produced specifically by CD4+ Th2 cells, but later studies showed that it was secreted by both Th1 and Th2 cells.

Is IL-10 antiinflammatory or anti-inflammatory?

IL-10 is considered a potent antiinflammatory cytokine that strongly inhibits the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Recent studies have suggested that IL-10 also has immunostimulatory properties on CD4+, CD8+ T cells, and/or NK cells, resulting in increased IFN-gamma production.

How do I block IL-10?

IL-10 signaling can be blocked in vitro by the use of IL-10 or IL-10R reactive molecules, including antibodies, oligonucleotide or peptide aptamers, as well as soluble IL-10 receptor [39,41,53,55–57].

Do B cells express FOXP3?

The transcription factor (FoxP3) was considered as specific intracellular regulatory marker of CD4+CD25+ T-regulatory cells for several years. Several studies also suggested that FoxP3 is expressed in B cells, macrophages and cancer cells (34, 35).

What are B cell markers?

Immature B cells express CD19, CD 20, CD34, CD38, and CD45R, but not IgM.
…
Immunophenotyping of B cells through flow cytometry.

What are the two requirements for B cell activation?

B cell activation is dependent on the sequential integration of at least two signals. The first signal is generated by BCR cross-linking with antigen; the second is provided by interaction of B cells with T-helper cells (Parker, 1993).

What cells are CD10 positive?

Among hematopoietic cells, CD10 expression is found in granulocytes and in B and T lymphocytes at particular stages of maturation. CD10 expression within the B-cell lineage has been very well characterized. Benign CD10+ B cells include B lymphoblasts as well as mature germinal center B cells (1, 18).

What is CD10 B-cell?

Identified in common acute lymphoblastic leukemia as a cancer specific antigen, CD10 is a cell surface ectoenzyme widely expressed on different types of cells. Earlier, it was used only as a cell surface marker to identify and differentiate between haematological malignancies.

Do macrophages make IL-10?

IL-10 is produced by macrophages in diverse immune settings and is critical in limiting immune-mediated pathology. In helminth infections, macrophages are an important source of IL-10; however, the molecular mechanism underpinning production of IL-10 by these cells is poorly characterized.

Do Th2 cells produce IL-10?