What is biotransformation xenobiotic?
Point 1 Xenobiotic biotransformation or drug metabolism is the process of converting lipophilic (fat-soluble) chemicals, which are readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and other sites, into hydrophilic (water-soluble) chemicals, which are readily excreted in urine or bile.
What is biotransformation metabolism?
Biotransformation is a metabolic process that takes place mainly in the liver and helps to facilitate the excretion of both exogenous and endogenous substances. A series of reactions alter the chemical structures of these substances.
What is drug biotransformation SlideShare?
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What are the four types of biotransformation process?
Generally, there are two main phases of biotransformation, Phase I and Phase II. Biotransformation can involve various compounds such as drugs or xenobiotics; however, there are four main biotransformation steps: oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, and conjugation.
What is the process of biotransformation?
Biotransformation is the process by which substances that enter the body are changed from hydrophobic to hydrophilic molecules to facilitate elimination from the body. This process usually generates products with few or no toxicological effects.
What is the importance of biotransformation?
Biotransformation is essential to convert lipophilic chemicals to water-soluble and readily excretable metabolites. Formally, biotransformation reactions are classified into phase I and phase II reactions.
What is biotransformation and its types?
Biotransformation is of two types: Enzymatic and Non-enzymatic. Enzymatic are further divided into Microsomal and Non-microsomal. 5. Enzymatic Elimination is the biotransformation occurring due to various enzymes present in the body.
What is the principle of biotransformation?
Biotransformation refers to the process by which lipophilic (fat-soluble), xenobiotic (foreign), or endobiotic (endogenous) chemicals are converted in the body by enzymatic reactions to products that are more hydrophilic (water-soluble).
What is biotransformation and examples?
Biotransformation alters biological activities of a xenobiotic; it can make a xenobiotic less toxic (detoxification) or in some cases more toxic (activation). Example of activation is the oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde, and of detoxification is its subsequent oxidation to acetic acid.
What are the two phases of biotransformation?
There are two biotransformation reaction phases: Phase I reactions modify the chemical by adding a functional structure, allowing the substance to “fit” into a second (Phase II) enzyme: Oxidation — the substrate loses electrons. Reduction — the substrate gains electrons.
What is biotransformation method?
Biotransformation is a process by which organic compounds are transformed from one form to another to reduce the persistence and toxicity of the chemical compounds. This process is aided by major range of microorganisms and their products such as bacteria, fungi and enzymes.
What are the applications of biotransformation?
The biotransformation is used for the preparation of products of defined chemical structure that are related to the substrate or starting material for the reaction by only a small number of chemical changes and in many cases the changes are brought about by the action of only a single enzyme.
What is the role of biotransformation?
The major purpose of biotransformation is to chemically modify (metabolize) poorly excretable lipophilic compounds to more hydrophilic chemicals that are readily excreted in urine and/or bile. Without metabolism, lipophilic xenobiotics accumulate in biota, increasing the potential for toxicity.
What is the main purpose of biotransformation?
What are the factors affecting biotransformation?
Biotransformation of drugs to polar metabolites is a key step in the termination of action and the elimination of drugs used in therapeutics. A large number of factors, including infection, alter the basal rates of drug metabolism and cause a number of untoward effects and drug interactions.
What is biotransformation also known as?
Biotransformation is the process by which a substance changes from one chemical to another (transformed) by a chemical reaction within the body. Metabolism or metabolic transformations are terms frequently used for the biotransformation process.
How does age affect biotransformation?
In animals aging has been described as a factor of modification of metabolism. In the elderly the oxidative enzyme activity appears diminished but coupled to a decreased liver mass and liver blood flow. Examples of decreased conjugation for paracetamol and indomethacin are known.
What is the need of the drug biotransformation?
What affects drug metabolism?
Individual drug metabolism rates are influenced by genetic factors, coexisting disorders (particularly chronic liver disorders and advanced heart failure), and drug interactions (especially those involving induction or inhibition of metabolism). For many drugs, metabolism occurs in 2 phases.
What are xenobiotics and their examples?
Xenobiotic is a term used to describe chemical substances that are foreign to animal life and thus includes such examples as plant constituents, drugs, pesticides, cosmetics, flavorings, fragrances, food additives, industrial chemicals and environmental pollutants.
What are the types of xenobiotics?
1 Types of Xenobiotics. Environmental pollutants, hydrocarbons, food additives, oil mixtures, pesticides, otherxenobiotics, synthetic polymers, carcinogens, drugs, and antioxidants are the major groups of xenobiotics.