What is embryo fetal toxicity?
Embryotoxicity includes (1) production by a substance of toxic effects in progeny in the first period of pregnancy between conception and the fetal stage and (2) any toxic effect on the conceptus as a result of prenatal exposure during the embryonic stages of development.
What are the 4 major outcomes considered in developmental toxicity?
The major manifestations of developmental toxicity include: (1) death of the developing organism, (2) structural abnormality, (3) altered growth, and (4) functional deficiency. Altered growth – An alteration in offspring organ or body weight or size.
What is Embryotoxin?
Embryotoxins are substances that act during pregnancy to cause adverse effects on the fetus.
What is developmental toxicity potential?
Developmental toxicity tests evaluate the extent to which substances can interfere with normal development and cause adverse effects in the offspring. Testing for a chemical’s potential to cause developmental toxicity is required by multiple regulatory agencies and uses large numbers of animals.
What is the difference between embryotoxicity and teratogenicity?
In order to explain without too much confusion: fetotoxicity is any modality influencing -poisoning an otherwise healthy embryo and harm (even kill) it. Teratogen is any chemical , biological or physical factor capable of causing congenital anomalies or birth defects. not necessarily killing them.
Which drugs cause teratogenicity?
Teratogenic drugs and birth defects
- ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) inhibitors.
- angiotensin II antagonist.
- isotretinoin (an acne drug)
- alcohol.
- cocaine.
- high doses of vitamin A.
- lithium.
- male hormones.
Who will a developmental toxin affect?
But it is known have developmental effects appear in fetuses and children even at very small doses. It has been shown to cause abnormal reflexes in neonates, poorer mental development in 2 and 3 year olds, poorer verbal IQ in 3+1⁄2 and 5 year old and pervasive developmental disorder in 2, 3 and 3+1⁄2 year olds.
Why is developmental toxicology important?
Developmental toxicity testing is primarily used to determine hazard regarding the potential effects of prenatal exposure on the developing fetus. These studies focus on functional and structural changes that can be observed throughout the development from zygote to neonate.
How many teratogens are there?
There are billions of potential teratogens, but only a few agents are proven to have teratogenic effects. These effects can result in a baby being born with a birth defect. Approximately 4 to 5 percent of birth defects are caused by exposure to a teratogen.
How does toxicity develop?
The toxicity depends on a variety of factors: dose, duration and route of exposure (see Module Two), shape and structure of the chemical itself, and individual human factors. body by inhalation (breathing), ingestion (eating), or absorption, or by direct contact with a chemical. humans, animals, or plants; a poison.
What are 5 types of teratogens?
Teratogenic agents include infectious agents (rubella, cytomegalovirus, varicella, herpes simplex, toxoplasma, syphilis, etc.); physical agents (ionizing agents, hyperthermia); maternal health factors (diabetes, maternal PKU); environmental chemicals (organic mercury compounds, polychlorinated biphenyl or PCB.
What are 3 examples of teratogens?
Common teratogens include some medications, recreational drugs, tobacco products, chemicals, alcohol, certain infections, and in some cases, uncontrolled health problems in the birthing parent. Alcohol is a well-known teratogen that can cause harmful effects on the fetus after exposure at any time during pregnancy.
Which drugs should be avoided during early pregnancy?
What medicines should you avoid during pregnancy?
- Bismuth subsalicylate (such as Pepto-Bismol).
- Phenylephrine or pseudoephedrine, which are decongestants.
- Cough and cold medicines that contain guaifenesin.
- Pain medicines like aspirin and ibuprofen (such as Advil and Motrin) and naproxen (such as Aleve).
What is teratogenicity with example?
A teratogen is any agent that causes an abnormality following fetal exposure during pregnancy. Teratogens are usually discovered after an increased prevalence of a particular birth defect. For example, in the early 1960’s, a drug known as thalidomide was used to treat morning sickness.
How do toxins affect the brain?
Environmental toxins can impact the developing brain through various mechanisms. Some toxins, such as mercury, cause cell death and alter cell migration and cell proliferation (101, 104). Lead disrupts neurotransmission, synaptogenesis, and synaptic trimming (101, 104, 110).
What causes reproductive toxicity?
Reproductive toxicity results when a chemical has an adverse impact on the normal function and development of male or female reproductive tissues or reproductive behavior resulting in reduced fertility.
What are the 4 types of teratogens?
Additionally, teratogens may also affect pregnancies and cause complications such as preterm labors, spontaneous abortions, or miscarriages. Teratogens are classified into four types: physical agents, metabolic conditions, infection, and finally, drugs and chemicals.
What are 2 common teratogens?
What are the 3 types of toxicity?
Types of toxicity
There are generally three types of toxic entities; chemical, biological, and physical. Chemicals include inorganic substances such as lead, hydrofluoric acid, and chlorine gas, organic compounds such as methyl alcohol, most medications, and poisons from living things.
What are signs of toxicity?
Symptoms of Drug Toxicity
- Diarrhea.
- Dizziness.
- Nausea.
- Stomach pains.
- Vomiting.
- Weakness.
What can accidentally cause a miscarriage?
Several factors may cause miscarriage:
- Infection.
- Exposure to TORCH diseases.
- Hormonal imbalances.
- Improper implantation of fertilized egg in your uterine lining.
- How old you are.
- Uterine abnormalities.
- Incompetent cervix (your cervix begins to open too early in pregnancy).
What happens if you don’t take folic acid during pregnancy?
If you do not get enough folic acid before and during pregnancy, your baby is at higher risk for neural tube defects. Neural tube defects are serious birth defects that affect the spine, spinal cord, or brain and may cause death. These include: Spina bifida.
How does your body get rid of toxins?
Carbon dioxide is a waste product or toxin, and we get rid of it by breathing it out. Other organs that help remove toxins include the liver, skin, kidneys, intestines, lymph nodes, and blood vessels. In addition to breathing out, we remove toxic products through urine, feces, and sweating.
What happens when toxins build up in the body?
When toxins damage your enzymes, they prevent the production of hemoglobin in your blood, which can accelerate aging. It also can lead to the failure of energy production and lower your protection against oxidated stress. Failure of these normal body functions increases your risk of diseases like: Cancer.
What is Category 2 reproductive toxicity?
Substances are classified in Category 2 for reproductive toxicity when there is some evidence from humans or experimental animals, possibly supplemented with other information, of an adverse effect on sexual function and fertility, or on development, and where the evidence is not sufficiently convincing to place the …