What is spectinomycin resistance?
Spectinomycin is an aminocyclitol antibiotic which inhibits bacterial protein biosynthesis by reversibly binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit. Resistance to spectinomycin is commonly due to enzymes which inactivate the drug by adenylylation.
What is streptomycin resistance gene?
A number of mutations in the rpsL gene encoding the S12 polypeptide generate resistance to streptomycin (10, 36, 46, 47, 49). Rather than being a mere scaffold for ribosomal proteins, the rRNA has important functions and is a main target for drugs interfering with bacterial protein synthesis (12, 26, 33, 42).
What is the role of tetracycline resistance gene in pBR322?
Plasmid pBR322 and its numerous derivatives are used extensively for research and in biotechnology. The tetracycline-resistance (TcR) genes in these plasmids are expressed constitutively and cells carrying these plasmids are resistant to tetracycline.
How does spectinomycin differ from the other aminoglycoside antibiotics?
Spectinomycin is an aminocyclitol antibiotic, which shares similar features with an aminoglycoside. However, it differs in that it does not contain amino sugars or glycosidic bonds. It has a broad spectrum of activity. It is highly water soluble and is easily mixed in aqueous solutions.
What is the mechanism of action of spectinomycin?
Mechanism of action
Spectinomycin binds to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and interrupts protein synthesis. One form of resistance has emerged in the 16S ribosomal RNA in Pasteurella multocida.
What is the function of spectinomycin?
Spectinomycin is an aminocyclitol antibiotic used to treat susceptible strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of gonorrhea.
Where is streptomycin resistance gene located?
strA-strB has been identified in bacteria circulating in humans, animals, and plants (4, 22, 25, 27, 28). These genes have been described as being part of transposon Tn5393 and are frequently located on plasmids (26).
What is the marker gene of streptomycin?
High-resolution melting and direct sequencing method in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other species have been well established that streptomycin resistance mainly comes from mutations in the rpsL and rrs genes, which encode the ribosomal protein S12 and 16S rRNA, respectively (Wang et al., 2011).
Which antibiotic resistant gene is present in pBR322?
pBR322 is 4361 base pairs in length and has two antibiotic resistance genes – the gene bla encoding the ampicillin resistance (AmpR) protein, and the gene tetA encoding the tetracycline resistance (TetR) protein.
What is the meaning of 322 in pBR322?
the order of synthesis
pBR322 is an artificial plasmid. 322 in pBR322 refers to the order of synthesis and helps in distinguishing it from other plasmids constructed in the laboratory. Further reading: Plasmid.
Is spectinomycin the same as streptomycin?
Spectinomycin can also be substituted for streptomycin in some cases, and provides more stability, but when increased stability is not required, streptomycin should be used since it is much more cost effective.
What class of antibiotic is spectinomycin?
It is in aminocyclitol class, closely related to the aminoglycosides. Spectinomycin is industrially produced by fermentation of the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis.
Why is E coli resistant to streptomycin?
Abstract. Escherichia coli K-12 carrying the R-factor R1 or R6K is resistant to streptomycin. The resistance is due to R-factor-coded enzymes that metabolize the drug. Streptomycin can be inactivated in two ways, either by adenylylation or by phosphorylation; both reactions require adenosine 5′-triphosphate.
What is the mechanism of action of streptomycin?
It binds to the small 16S rRNA of the 30S ribosomal subunit irreversibly, interfering with the binding of formyl-methionyl-tRNA to the 30S subunit. This causes codon misreading, inhibition of protein synthesis, and ultimately death of the cell through mechanisms that are not well understood.
What does 322 mean in pBR322?
What are the two antibiotic resistance genes?
Some examples of the link between antibiotic dosage and resistance development are the rise of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE).
What PBR 332?
pBR322 DNA is a commonly used plasmid cloning vector in E. coli (1). The molecule is a double-stranded circle 4,361* base pairs in length (2). pBR322 contains the genes for resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline, and can be amplified with chloramphenicol.
What does P in pBR322 mean?
The vector pBR322 was named according to the standard rules for vector nomenclature. The “p” stands for plasmid. “BR” tells us which laboratory the vector was constructed in. This part of the vector name stands for Bolivar and Rodriguez, two of the scientists who constructed the pBR322 cloning vector in 1977.
What bacteria is resistant to streptomycin?
Streptomycin resistance was the most frequent resistance in the cohort accounting for 82.7% (n = 67) of the resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. WGS of 149 clinical isolates identified 13 transmission clusters, including three clusters containing only streptomycin resistant isolates.
How does streptomycin affect E. coli?
Streptomycin treatment enhances the growth of E. coli by nitrate respiration. To test the hypothesis that a streptomycin-induced increase in Nos2 mRNA levels fuels the growth of E.
What is another name for streptomycin?
synonyms for streptomycin
- penicillin.
- amoxicillin.
- ampicillin.
- erythromycin.
- sulfonamide.
- tetracycline.
- sulfa drug.
- wonder drug.
What is the most common mechanism by which bacteria acquire antimicrobial resistance?
The most common bacterial mechanisms involved in intrinsic resistance are reduced permeability of the outer membrane (most specifically the lipopolysaccharide, LPS, in gram negative bacteria) and the natural activity of efflux pumps. Multidrug-efflux pumps are also a common mechanism of induced resistance [21],[22].
What is the full form of pBR322?
pBR322 is a plasmid and was one of the first widely used E. coli cloning vectors. The p stands for “plasmid,” and BR for “Bolivar” and “Rodriguez, the scientists who synthesized the plasmid. So, the correct answer is ‘Bollivar and Rodrigues’
What genes is responsible for antibiotic resistance?
The spread of mobile genetic elements such as plasmids, transposons, and integrons has greatly contributed to the rapid dissemination of antimicrobial resistance among several bacterial genera of human and veterinary importance.
What mutation causes antibiotic resistance?
Antibiotic resistance can be achieved by horizontal acquisition of resistance genes (carried by plasmids or transposons), by recombination of foreign DNA into the chromosome, or by mutations in different chromosomal loci (15).