What is the epidemiology of tuberculosis?
TB infection is one of the most common infections in the world. It is estimated that nearly 2 billion people (about one fourth of the world’s population) are infected with M. tuberculosis. Every year, about 10 million people develop TB disease and 1.6 million people die of it.
What research is being done on tuberculosis?
June 1, 2022 — Researchers have developed a new highly sensitive blood test for tuberculosis (TB) that screens for DNA fragments of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria that causes the deadly …
What are the factors that contribute to the prevalence of tuberculosis?
The tuberculosis (TB) epidemic is strongly influenced by social and economic development and health-related risk factors such as undernutrition, diabetes, HIV infection, alcohol use disorders and smoking.
What is the incidence and prevalence of TB?
In 2020, an estimated 10 million people fell ill with tuberculosis (TB) worldwide. 5.6 million men, 3.3 million women and 1.1 million children. TB is present in all countries and age groups. But TB is curable and preventable.
What is the current epidemiological situation of tuberculosis in India?
The average prevalence of all forms of tuberculosis in India is estimated to be 5.05 per thousand, prevalence of smear-positive cases 2.27 per thousand and average annual incidence of smear-positive cases at 84 per 1,00,000 annually.
What are the three components of the epidemiological triangle?
Causation. A number of models of disease causation have been proposed. Among the simplest of these is the epidemiologic triad or triangle, the traditional model for infectious disease. The triad consists of an external agent, a susceptible host, and an environment that brings the host and agent together.
Why is tuberculosis research important?
The discovery of new markers for high and low risk individuals, in terms of development of TB and adequacy of treatment, would allow evidence-based determination of who to treat, how to treat, and how long to treat both for prevention and cure.
What is the conclusion of tuberculosis?
Conclusion: We conclude that tuberculosis infection and disease remain common in populations characterized by poor housing conditions, drug use, and HIV infection.
What is the biggest risk factor for TB?
HIV coinfection is the most important and potent risk factor for TB infection and disease.
Why is tuberculosis becoming more common?
The 2 reasons why multidrug resistance continues to emerge and spread are mismanagement of TB treatment and person-to-person transmission. Most people with TB are cured by a strictly followed, 6-month drug regimen that is provided to patients with support and supervision.
What population is most affected by tuberculosis?
Anyone can get TB, but some people are at greater risk of TB than others.
- Non-Hispanic Asian persons; 35.8%,
- Hispanic persons; 29.7%,
- Non-Hispanic Black persons; 19.6%, or.
- Non-Hispanic White persons; 11.0%.
Where tuberculosis is most common in the world?
Geographically, in 2020, most TB cases were in the WHO regions of South-East Asia (43%), Africa (25%) and the Western Pacific (18%), with smaller shares in the Eastern Mediterranean (8.3%), the Americas (3.0%) and Europe (2.3%). The 30 high TB burden countries (shown in Fig.
What is the theme for World tuberculosis Day 2022?
The theme of World TB Day 2022 – ‘Invest to End TB. Save Lives. ‘ –conveys the urgent need to invest resources to ramp up the fight against TB and achieve the commitments to end TB made by global leaders.
What country has the most TB cases?
The 30 high TB burden countries accounted for 86% of all estimated incidence cases worldwide. Eight of these countries accounted for two thirds of the global total. These were: India (26%), China (8.5%), Indonesia (8.4%), the Philippines (6.0%), Pakistan (5.8%), Nigeria (4.6), Bangladesh (3.6%) and South Africa (3.3%).
What are the 4 important elements of epidemiology?
Key terms in this definition reflect some of the important principles of epidemiology.
- Study. Epidemiology is a scientific discipline with sound methods of scientific inquiry at its foundation.
- Distribution.
- Determinants.
- Health-related states or events.
- Specified populations.
- Application.
- Summary.
What are the 3 major types of epidemiological studies?
Three major types of epidemiologic studies are cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies (study designs are discussed in more detail in IOM, 2000).
What are the challenges of tuberculosis?
The continuing challenges of TB control can be distributed into 5 key areas: inadequate diagnostics and treatment; the need for expansion of the World Health Organization (WHO) Directly Observed Therapy, short course (DOTS) program; multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDRTB); and HIV coinfection.
What are the preventions of tuberculosis?
The BCG vaccination
The BCG (Bacille Calmette-Guérin) is a live vaccine against tuberculosis. The vaccine is prepared from a strain of the weakened bovine tuberculosis bacillus, Mycobacterium bovis. The BCG is currently the only licensed vaccine against TB, and has been in use since 1921.
What is the main cause of tuberculosis?
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by a type of bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It’s spread when a person with active TB disease in their lungs coughs or sneezes and someone else inhales the expelled droplets, which contain TB bacteria.
What factors can reduce the spread of tuberculosis?
The risk of infection can be reduced by using a few simple precautions: good ventilation: as TB can remain suspended in the air for several hours with no ventilation. natural light: UV light kills off TB bacteria. good hygiene: covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing reduces the spread of TB bacteria.
Where is tuberculosis most commonly found?
About half of all people with TB can be found in 8 countries: Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines and South Africa. About one-quarter of the world’s population is estimated to be infected by TB bacteria.
Which country has the highest rate of tuberculosis?
TB Incidence in high Burden Countries
India (26%), China (8.5%), Indonesia (8.4%), the Philippines (6.0%), Pakistan (5.8%), Nigeria (4.6), Bangladesh (3.6%) and South Africa (3.3%). There is more about TB in India.
What gender is most affected by tuberculosis?
Conclusions. TB prevalence is significantly higher among men than women in low- and middle-income countries, with strong evidence that men are disadvantaged in seeking and/or accessing TB care in many settings.
WHO TB treatment guidelines 2022?
The new WHO 2022 guidelines evaluated the following new regimens: 1) the 6-month regimen based on bedaquiline, pretomanid and linezolid (BPaL) in combination with moxifloxacin (BPaLM), evaluated in the TB-PRACTECAL randomised clinical trial; 2) the 6-month regimens based on the BPaL combination with decreased exposure …
Who end TB Strategy 2022?
WHO developed the End TB Strategy, which was endorsed by the Sixty-seventh World Health Assembly in 2014. The strategy envisions a world free of TB, with zero deaths, disease and suffering due to the disease. Further, the strategy ambitiously proposes to “end the global TB epidemic” by 2035.
What is the main epidemiological factor in the development of primary TB?
Diabetes, alcohol, malnutrition, tobacco smoke, and indoor air pollution are factors which impact a larger section of the population and accelerate progression to TB disease.
What are the 3 types of tuberculosis?
There are 3 stages of TB—exposure, latent, and active disease. A TB skin test or a TB blood test can diagnose the disease. Treatment exactly as recommended is necessary to cure the disease and prevent its spread to other people.
What are the 5 causes of TB?
Risk factors for TB include:
- Poverty.
- HIV infection.
- Homelessness.
- Being in jail or prison (where close contact can spread infection)
- Substance abuse.
- Taking medication that weakens the immune system.
- Kidney disease and diabetes.
- Organ transplants.
What are the risk factors and causes of TB?
Persons with Medical Conditions that Weaken the Immune System
- HIV infection (the virus that causes AIDS)
- Substance abuse.
- Silicosis.
- Diabetes mellitus.
- Severe kidney disease.
- Low body weight.
- Organ transplants.
- Head and neck cancer.
What is prevalence and incidence?
Prevalence refers to proportion of persons who have a condition at or during a particular time period, whereas incidence refers to the proportion or rate of persons who develop a condition during a particular time period.
What are the 4 stages of TB?
TB infection happens in 4 stages: the initial macrophage response, the growth stage, the immune control stage, and the lung cavitation stage. These four stages happen over roughly one month.
What are the prevention of TB?
Always cover your mouth with a tissue when you cough or sneeze. Seal the tissue in a plastic bag, then throw it away. Wash your hands after coughing or sneezing. Don’t visit other people and don’t invite them to visit you.
What are the prevention and control of tuberculosis?
What are the principles of epidemiology?
Uses of Epidemiology
- Count health-related events.
- Describe the distribution of health-related events in the population.
- Describe clinical patterns.
- Identify risk factors for developing diseases.
- Identify causes or determinants of disease.
- Identify control and/or preventive measures.
What is the role of epidemiology?
Epidemiology is the study of diseases in populations, investigating how, when and why they occur. The diseases studied are wide-ranging, including infectious diseases like coronavirus and non-infectious diseases like arthritis. People who work in this field are referred to as epidemiologists.
What are the 3 main elements of the definition of epidemiology?
The epidemiologic triangle is made up of three parts: agent, host and environment.
What is the treatment of tuberculosis?
The usual treatment is: 2 antibiotics (isoniazid and rifampicin) for 6 months. 2 additional antibiotics (pyrazinamide and ethambutol) for the first 2 months of the 6-month treatment period.
What is the causes of tuberculosis?
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The bacteria usually attack the lungs, but TB bacteria can attack any part of the body such as the kidney, spine, and brain. Not everyone infected with TB bacteria becomes sick.
What are the treatment of tuberculosis?
The most common treatment for active TB is isoniazid INH in combination with three other drugs—rifampin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol. You may begin to feel better only a few weeks after starting to take the drugs but treating TB takes much longer than other bacterial infections.
What is the treatment plan for TB?
What are the 3 types of epidemiology?
The three major epidemiologic techniques are descriptive, analytic, and experimental. Although all three can be used in investigating the occurrence of disease, the method used most is descriptive epidemiology.
What are the 5 main objectives of epidemiology?
In the mid-1980s, five major tasks of epidemiology in public health practice were identified: public health surveillance, field investigation, analytic studies, evaluation, and linkages.
What are the 4 main uses of epidemiology?
Section 4: Core Epidemiologic Functions. In the mid-1980s, five major tasks of epidemiology in public health practice were identified: public health surveillance, field investigation, analytic studies, evaluation, and linkages.