What is the meaning of normotensive hydrocephalus?
Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is an abnormal buildup of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain’s ventricles, or cavities. It occurs if the normal flow of CSF throughout the brain and spinal cord is blocked in some way. This causes the ventricles to enlarge, putting pressure on the brain.
Who discovered normal pressure hydrocephalus?
Abstract. Introduction: Normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by enlarged ventricles and a triad of clinical symptoms affecting gait, cognition, and urinary continence. Salomón Hakim first identified the syndrome in 1957 at the Hospital San Juan de Dios in Bogotá, Colombia …
What is Hakim triad?
Signs and symptoms
NPH exhibits a classic triad of clinical findings (known as the Adams triad or Hakim’s triad). The triad consists of walking difficulty, reduced attention span, and urinary frequency or incontinence. The triad is considered obsolete for diagnosis purposes and newer guidelines are available.
What are 4 types of hydrocephalus?
The four main types of hydrocephalus are communicating hydrocephalus, non-communicating hydrocephalus, normal pressure hydrocephalus and hydrocephalus ex-vacuo. Communicating hydrocephalus occurs when the flow of CSF is blocked after it leaves your ventricles.
What are the features of normal pressure hydrocephalus?
Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a condition characterized by a triad of progressive gait apraxia, cognitive deficits, and urinary incontinence in the context of relative ventricular enlargement and a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure less than 20 cm H2O.
How do you test for normal pressure hydrocephalus?
Brain imaging: Imaging of the brain’s structure to detect enlargement of the ventricles, often with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or CT scan, plays a key role in diagnosing normal pressure hydrocephalus.
What is the history of hydrocephalus?
Introduction. Hydrocephalus was known to the ancients with Hippocrates describing it as early as the fifth century BC; some even claim that he made the first attempt to drain this excess fluid. Hundreds of years later, Galen (130–200 AD) made some of the early contributions to the then-mysterious condition [1].
Who invented the shunt for hydrocephalus?
Although most physicians know Roald Dahl (1916–1990) for the many wonderful novels and short stories he wrote, due to a personal tragedy, he is also one of the inventors of the modern ventricular catheters and shunt valves.
What is the triad of NPH?
What are the Symptoms of NPH? NPH is typically characterized by a triad of symptoms: gait disturbance (difficulty walking), cognitive impairment, and impaired bladder control.
What is Hakim Adams?
The idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (Hakim – Adams syndrome) is characterized by the expansion of cerebrospinal cavities, which is clinically manifested by triad symptoms: cognitive impairment, impaired gait and urination.
What is hydrocephalus PDF?
Hydrocephalus is the accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain’s ventricular system. An increase in the amount of excess CSF will result in increased intracranial pressure (ICP) and also suppression of the surrounding normal tissue [1] .
What is the main cause of hydrocephalus?
Hydrocephalus is caused by an imbalance between how much cerebrospinal fluid is produced and how much is absorbed into the bloodstream. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by tissues lining the ventricles of the brain.
What is the triad of normal pressure hydrocephalus?
NPH is typically characterized by a triad of symptoms: gait disturbance (difficulty walking), cognitive impairment, and impaired bladder control. These symptoms may not all occur simultaneously and can emerge at different stages of the disease with varying levels of severity.
What is the difference between hydrocephalus and normal pressure hydrocephalus?
This fluid buildup can harm your brain. The difference between NPH and other forms of hydrocephalus is that even though there’s a larger than normal amount of CSF, the pressure inside the ventricles remains the same. This buildup of fluid causes symptoms to happen over time.
What are the two types of hydrocephalus?
The two major types of hydrocephalus are called communicating hydrocephalus and non-communicating hydrocephalus.
- Communicating hydrocephalus occurs when the flow of CSF is blocked after it exits the ventricles.
- Congenital hydrocephalus.
- Acquired hydrocephalus.
When was the first shunt placed?
The first VP shunt surgery was performed in 1905 by Kausch et al. but was unfortunately unsuccessful (1). The first clinically successful case used a shunt valve system to divert CSF from the ventricles to the jugular vein (2).
When was the first programmable shunt invented?
The first VP shunt system was introduced by Holter and Spitz in 1956. Approximately 130 different types of shunts currently exist. Although VP shunt surgery is still the gold standard treatment strategy for this disorder, the indications for surgery remain controversial.
Why is it called NPH?
Normal pressure hydrocephalus is a brain disorder in which excess cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the brain’s ventricles, which are fluid-filled chambers. Normal pressure hydrocephalus is called “normal pressure” because despite the excess fluid, CSF pressure as measured during a spinal tap is often normal.
What are the three causes of hydrocephalus?
The three main causes of hydrocephalus are:
- A blockage. Tumors, cysts, birth defects, brain injury, or stroke can block or affect the normal flow of cerebrospinal fluid.
- Poor fluid absorption.
- Too much fluid.
What are the 2 types of hydrocephalus?
What is the best treatment for hydrocephalus?
The most common treatment for hydrocephalus is the surgical insertion of a drainage system, called a shunt. It consists of a long, flexible tube with a valve that keeps fluid from the brain flowing in the right direction and at the proper rate. One end of the tubing is usually placed in one of the brain’s ventricles.
Why CSF pressure is normal in normal hydrocephalus?
Who invented the shunt?
How many types of shunts are there?
There are two types of CSF shunt valves: fixed and adjustable. Fixed shunt valves allow CSF fluid to drain when CSF pressure exceeds a certain “fixed” threshold.
Who made the first shunt?
In 1891, Heinrich Quincke attempted to drain CSF by performing serial lumbar punctures; then 2 years later in 1893, Jan Mikulicz-Radecki successfully inserted the first permanent ventriculo-subarachnoid-subgaleal shunt [1].