How the regulation of alternative splicing determines the sex of the flies?
Sex determination in Drosophila is controlled by a cascade of splicing factors that are themselves alternatively spliced, ultimately leading to the sex-specific expression of two different variants of the Doublesex (Dsx) transcription factor.
How is sex of Drosophila determined?
In Drosophila, sex determination is achieved by a balance of female determinants on the X chromosome and male determinants on the autosomes. Normally, flies have either one or two X chromosomes and two sets of autosomes. If there is but one X chromosome in a diploid cell (1X:2A), the fly is male.
What is gender specific splicing in Drosophila?
In females, SXL controls the splicing of tra to produce a functional TRA protein, which, together with TRA2, promotes female-specific splicing of the dsx and fru transcription factors that go on to direct female-specific development of somatic tissues.
What is alternative splicing detection?
Alternative splicing is a key cellular process whereby particular combinations of exons in a nascently transcribed pre-mRNA are either included or excluded to generate different mature mRNA splice isoform transcripts, resulting in multiple protein isoforms encoded by a single gene.
Why alternative splicing is important?
The overall function of alternative splicing is to increase the diversity of the mRNA expressed from the genome. Due to the combinatorial control mechanisms that regulate alternative exon recognition, splicing programs coordinate the generation of mRNA isoforms from multiple genes.
How is insect sex determined?
Insects make up the most diverse group of animals, and equally variable are their mechanisms of sex determination. Among species with sex chromosomes, there are systems with male heterogamety (XY), such as Drosophila melanogaster, or female heterogamety (ZW), such as butterflies and moths.
How does sex determination in Drosophila differ from sex determination in human?
In humans, the presence of a Y chromosome determines a male. In Drosophila, the ratio of X chromosomes to autosomes plays a major role in sex determination rather than the presence of a Y chromosome.
Which sex determination in Drosophila melanogaster is found in males?
The short answer is testes.
What role does RNA stability play in gene regulation?
The stability of an mRNA plays a major role in the determination of gene expression. The stability of an mRNA reflects its primary and higher-order structure, as well as its interactions with a variety of trans-acting RNA-binding proteins.
What is the purpose of alternative splicing?
What are the advantages of alternative splicing?
This has several advantages: (i) it allows a high sequence flexibility of exonic regulatory sequences that puts no constrains on coding requirements, (ii) the protein interaction can be influenced by small changes in the concentration of regulatory proteins which allows the alternative usage of exons depending on a …
What is the advantage of alternative splicing quizlet?
In alternative splicing, different combinations of exons from the same gene are combined to result in different protein products. Often, these different splice variants are expressed in different tissues. This allows for an increased diversity of proteins to be produced.
What are the factors causing alternative splicing?
Five main types of alternative splicing events are depicted. (A) Constitutive splicing; (B) mutually exclusive exons; (C) cassette alternative exon; (D) alternative 3′ splice site; (E) alternative 5′ splice site; and (F) intron retention.
What type of sex determination is found in?
The XX/XY sex-determination system is the most familiar, as it is found in humans. The XX/XY system is found in most other mammals, as well as some insects. In this system, most females have two of the same kind of sex chromosome (XX), while most males have two distinct sex chromosomes (XY).
How is sex determined and inherited?
The X and Y chromosomes, also known as the sex chromosomes, determine the biological sex of an individual: females inherit an X chromosome from the father for a XX genotype, while males inherit a Y chromosome from the father for a XY genotype (mothers only pass on X chromosomes).
Which parent determines the gender of the child?
It’s all about Dad’s genes
A man’s X and a woman’s X combine to become a girl, and a man’s Y combines with a woman’s X to become a boy. But if the sperm don’t have equal Xs and Ys, or if other genetic factors are at play, it can affect the sex ratio.
What is the purpose of alternative splicing in eukaryotic cells?
Alternative splicing provides multicellular organisms with an extended proteome, the possibility of cell type- and species-specific protein isoforms without increasing the gene number, and the possibility of regulating the production of different proteins through specific signalling pathways.
What are features of alternative splicing?
What is alternative splicing and why is it important quizlet?
What is the advantage of alternative splicing?
The overall function of alternative splicing is to increase the diversity of mRNAs expressed from the genome. Alternative splicing changes proteins encoded by mRNAs, which has profound functional effects.
Why is alternative splicing important for gene regulation in eukaryotes?
Splicing can be regulated so that different mRNAs can contain or lack exons, in a process called alternative splicing. Alternative splicing allows more than one protein to be produced from a gene and is an important regulatory step in determining which functional proteins are produced from gene expression.
What factors are responsible for sex determination?
1: Sex determination: The presence of X and Y chromosomes are one of the factors responsible for sex determination in mammals, with males being the heterozygous sex. In birds, Z and W chromosomes determine sex, with females being the heterozygous sex.
Which organisms exhibit ZZ ZW pattern of sex determination?
Peacock
So the correct answer is ‘Peacock’.
Which gamete is responsible for determining gender?
Sperm cells carry either an X or Y sex chromosome. Female gametes, or eggs, however, contain only the X sex chromosome and are homogametic. The sperm cell determines the sex of an individual in this case. If a sperm cell containing an X chromosome fertilizes an egg, the resulting zygote will be XX, or female.
Who is responsible for girl birth?
Over a period of time, science explained that male sperms determine the baby’s sex, depending on whether it is carrying X or Y chromosome. Since a woman carries two X chromosomes, if a man’s sperm is carrying X, a baby girl will be born and if his sperm is carrying the Y chromosome, it will be a boy.