What is epitope spread?
Epitope spreading (ES) refers to the development of an immune response to epitopes distinct from, and noncross-reactive with, the disease-causing epitope. Diversification, or the ability of the immune system to attack multiple targets on a pathogen has obvious advantages.
What is epitope spreading in immunology?
Epitope spreading is defined as the diversification of epitope specificity from the initial focused, dominant epitope-specific immune response, directed against a self or foreign protein, to subdominant and/or cryptic epitopes on that protein (intramolecular spreading) or other proteins (intermolecular spreading).
What are Neoantigens?
Neoantigens are mainly tumor-specific antigens generated by mutations in tumor cells, which are only expressed in tumor cells (11). Neoantigens can also be produced by viral infection, alternative splicing and gene rearrangement (12–14).
How does epitope spreading happen?
Abstract. Epitope spreading is a process whereby epitopes distinct from and non-cross-reactive with an inducing epitope become major targets of an ongoing immune response.
How does epitope spreading occur?
Epitope spreading is an immunologic phenomenon whereby an antibody or cellular response to a given antigen may extend from one location on the antigen (epitope) to involve other region(s) of the same antigen (intramolecular spreading) or adjacent antigens (intermolecular spreading) as the immune response matures (2).
How do I identify Neoantigens?
Cancer Exome Sequencing
Representing less than 2% of the genetic code, exome sequencing is a cost-effective alternative to whole-genome sequencing. It is a commonly used method for identifying neoantigens.
What types of antigens are expressed on tumor cells?
There are two major classes of tumor antigen which are targeted by T cell immunotherapies – private antigens and public shared antigens. Public shared antigens are common to multiple patients and are split into two categories: Tumor-specific antigens (TSA), found on cancer cells only, not on healthy cells.
Can autoimmune disease cause tumors?
Dermatomyositis, an autoimmune disease causing muscle weakness and a rash, is associated with a higher risk of several cancers, including breast, ovarian, lung and gastronintestinal tumors, Niewold says.
What is autoimmunity name an autoimmune disease?
Sometimes the immune system makes a mistake and attacks the body’s own tissues or organs. This is called autoimmunity. One example of an autoimmune disease is type 1 diabetes, in which the immune system destroys the cells in the pancreas that produce insulin.
What are three examples of autoantibodies that can be detected?
Examples of Autoantibodies
- Antinuclear Antibodies (ANA)
- Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies (ANCA)
- Anti-Double Stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA)
- Anticentromere Antibodies (ACA)
- Antihistone Antibodies.
- Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide Antibodies (CCP)
How are Neoantigens generated?
Neoantigens are generated from peptides encoded by gene alterations that are exclusively present in tumor but not normal tissue and therefore fulfill criteria as highly promising vaccine immunogens.
What is Neoantigen burden?
Similarly, the tumor neoantigen burden (TNB) is defined by the number of neoantigens per megabase in the genome region (13, 14). Notably, TMB has become a biomarker for immunotherapy, assuming that higher TMB will increase the probability of tumor neoantigens and specific T-cell responses (15).
Do all tumors have antigens?
Tumor antigen is an antigenic substance produced in tumor cells, i.e., it triggers an immune response in the host.
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Importance of tumor antigens.
| Tumor antigen | Tumor in which it is found | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) | Bowel cancers | Occasional lung or breast cancer |
Where do tumor antigens come from?
Tumor-associated antigens (TAA) can derive from any protein or glycoprotein synthesized by the tumor cell. TAA proteins can reside in any subcellular compartment of the tumor cell; ie, they may be membrane-bound, (more…)
Can chemo cure autoimmune disease?
In most cases, chemotherapy drugs are used off-label for treating autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
What cancers cause a positive ANA?
Neoplastic diseases may cause positive ANA. Some authors have described that ANA is found in the sera from lung, breast, head and neck cancer patients as frequently as in RA and SLE 3, 4, 5. Chapman et al. 6 has suggested that in breast cancer they may be used as an aid to early diagnosis.
What are the 7 autoimmune diseases?
Common autoimmune disorders include:
- Addison disease.
- Celiac disease – sprue (gluten-sensitive enteropathy)
- Dermatomyositis.
- Graves disease.
- Hashimoto thyroiditis.
- Multiple sclerosis.
- Myasthenia gravis.
- Pernicious anemia.
What are the 3 most common autoimmune diseases?
Common ones include lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Autoimmune diseases can affect many types of tissues and nearly any organ in your body.
What are the 2 general causes of autoimmune diseases?
BOTTOM LINE: Researchers don’t know exactly what causes autoimmune diseases. Genetics, diet, infections, and exposure to chemicals might be involved.
What is immune editing?
Immunoediting is a theory that describes the transformation of normal cells to clinically-detectable cancer. The theory implies that while the human immune system protects from cancer, it also drives the development of tumors that will undergo immunogenic “sculpting” and may survive immune cell attacks.
What is NeoPeptide?
NeoPeptide is a comprehensive resource of somatic mutation-derived neoantigens. Neoantigens confirmed in cancer vaccines from clinical trials as well as in vitro experiments are recorded.
Do cancers produce antigens?
How can you tell if a tumor is antigen?
Identifying tumor-specific antigens can be tackled using a variety of methods. One could sequence the DNA of cancer and normal cells to search for genomic differences. Alternatively, a researcher could examine the RNA transcripts. Another method is to actually use the immune system of the patient.
What are the most rare autoimmune diseases?
10 Rare Autoimmune Diseases
- Kawasaki disease.
- Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD)
- Myasthenia gravis.
- Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH)
- POEMS syndrome.
- Retroperitoneal fibrosis.
- Scleroderma.
- Thyroid eye disease.
Can a tumor cause a positive ANA?
ANA were found to be positive in ~40% of patients with malignant tumors in two previous studies (22, 23).