What are the common isotopes of calcium?
Importantly, Ca has six naturally occurring isotopes (40Ca, 42Ca, 43Ca, 44Ca, 46Ca, and 48Ca), where 40Ca is the most abundant and also produced by the radioactive decay of potassium 40K with a half-life of ~1.277 billion years (Byr).
What are the main isotopes of ruthenium?
Ruthenium consists of seven stable isotopes (96Ru, 98Ru, 99Ru, 100Ru, 101Ru, 102Ru and 104Ru).
What are the two most common isotopes of ruthenium?
The two most important isotopes of ruthenium in case of nuclear accident are these with the longest half-life: 103Ru (≥ 1 month) and 106Ru (≥ 1 year).
What is the most common use of Ruthenium?
Most is used in the electronics industry for chip resistors and electrical contacts. Ruthenium oxide is used in the chemical industry to coat the anodes of electrochemical cells for chlorine production. Ruthenium is also used in catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid production.
What’s the most common isotope of calcium?
Ca-40
The most abundant isotope is Ca-40, accounting for nearly 97% of the existing calcium, Ca-44 is 2%, the other three isotopes share the remaining 1%. The standard atomic mass of calcium is thus 40.078 (4) u, close to the isotopic mass of Ca-40.
What are the three isotopes of calcium?
Given data
Now Calcium has three isotopes with atomic mass 35amu,40amu,41amu 35 a m u , 40 a m u , 41 a m u . It is known that the isotope having atomic mass closest to the atomic mass given on the periodic table would be the most abundant isotope.
What is ruthenium 106 used for?
The Use of Ru- 106 Applicators for Uveal Melanoma
Brachytherapy is the most common conservative method of treating uveal, mainly posterior uveal, melanoma. Technically, radioactive applicators can be applied to tumors in almost all locations in the eye, except for tumors that grow over or into the optic nerve.
Is rhodium an isotopes?
Rhodium only has a single naturally occurring isotope (103Rh). However, there are 25 radioactive isotopes of rhodium, eighteen of which have half-lives of less than an hour. In contrast with the other group 9 elements, rhodium has just one electron in its outer shell.
What type of element is Ru?
ruthenium (Ru), chemical element, one of the platinum metals of Groups 8–10 (VIIIb), Periods 5 and 6, of the periodic table, used as an alloying agent to harden platinum and palladium. Silver-gray ruthenium metal looks like platinum but is rarer, harder, and more brittle.
What products are made from ruthenium?
It is used in electrical contact alloys and filaments, in jewelry, in pen nibs, and in instrument pivots. It is also used in alloys with cobalt, molybdenum, nickel, tungsten, and other metals. Ruthenium compounds are used to color ceramics and glass.
Where is ruthenium commonly found?
Ural Mountains
Sources of ruthenium
Like other members of the platinum group, ruthenium occurs natively in mineral deposits in the Ural Mountains and in North and South America. It is also found in the pyroxinite deposits South Africa. To be isolated for commercial use, it must be produced through a complex chemical process.
What type of metal is ruthenium?
platinum metals
Read a brief summary of this topic. ruthenium (Ru), chemical element, one of the platinum metals of Groups 8–10 (VIIIb), Periods 5 and 6, of the periodic table, used as an alloying agent to harden platinum and palladium. Silver-gray ruthenium metal looks like platinum but is rarer, harder, and more brittle.
What are the isotopes of calcium used for?
Calcium isotopes (mainly Ca-42, Ca-44, Ca-46 and Ca-48) are used extensively in clinical research and mainly in nutritional studies. They are used to measure calcium absorption mainly in women and children. In adults, calcium deficiency is strongly related to increasing severity of osteoporosis.
Which isotope of calcium is the most common?
calcium-40
There are six stable isotopes of calcium; calcium-40 is the most common (97 percent), and calcium-46 the least abundant (0.003 percent).
What type of nuclear radiation occurs when ruthenium 106 decays?
beta particles
What kind of radiation does ruthenium-106 give off? Radioactive elements give off radiation as they decay into other elements. Ruthenium-106 gives off radiation in the form of high energy electrons called beta particles as it decays into rhodium-106 and then into palladium-106, which isn’t radioactive.
What is a uveal melanoma?
Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common intraocular malignancy and arises from melanocytes in the iris, ciliary body, or choroid. Early diagnosis and local treatment is crucial, as survival correlates with primary tumor size.
What are rhodium isotopes used for?
It was discovered in 1803 by William Hyde Wollaston in one such ore, and named for the rose color of one of its chlorine compounds. The element’s major use (consuming about 80% of world rhodium production) is as one of the catalysts in the three-way catalytic converters in automobiles.
What is the most abundant isotope of rhodium?
Naturally occurring rhodium is composed of only one isotope, 103Rh. The most stable radioisotopes are 101Rh with a half-life of 3.3 years, 102mRh with a half-life of 207 days, 102Rh with a half-life of 2.9 years, and 99Rh with a half-life of 16.1 days.
How common is the element ruthenium?
As the 78th most abundant element in Earth’s crust, ruthenium is relatively rare, found in about 100 parts per trillion. This element is generally found in ores with the other platinum group metals in the Ural Mountains and in North and South America.
What are 3 uses for ruthenium?
Ruthenium is used to make jewelry, electrical contacts, solar cells, and as a catalyst. Ruthenium can be mixed with either platinum or palladium to form alloys used to make jewelry.
What is ruthenium made of?
Ruthenium is a chemical element with the symbol Ru and atomic number 44. It is a rare transition metal belonging to the platinum group of the periodic table. Like the other metals of the platinum group, ruthenium is inert to most other chemicals.
What are the properties of ruthenium?
Physical properties
Ruthenium is a hard, silvery-white metal with a shiny surface. Its melting point is about 2,300 to 2,450°C (4,200 to 4,400°F) and its boiling point is about 3,900 to 4,150°C (7,100 to 7,500°F). Its density is 12.41 grams per cubic centimeter.
What is the most common isotope of calcium?
Why is calcium 47 used in medicine?
Calcium-47 is used in medicine to investigate bone metabolism problems or to diagnose calcium disorders. It is also used in the biomedical research of animals to study the cellular body function and the formation of bones in mammals.
Is melanoma in the eye curable?
These rare cancers can be treated with either surgical removal of the tumor, if it is small enough, or radiation therapy. In more advanced cases or if there is serious eye damage, enucleation (removal of the eyeball) may be needed.