What is free protein S antigen?
Protein S is a vitamin K-dependent glycoprotein present in platelets and synthesized within the liver and endothelial cells. Protein S works as part of the natural anticoagulant system by acting as a cofactor to activated protein C (APC) in the proteolytic inactivation of procoagulant factors Va and VIIIa.
What is protein S antigen test?
Protein S helps control blood clotting. A lack of this protein or a problem with the function of this protein may cause blood clots to form in veins. The test is also used to screen relatives of people who are known to have protein S deficiency. Sometimes, this test is done to find the cause of repeated miscarriages.
Can you test for protein S deficiency in pregnancy?
Screening for protein S deficiency should not be done in pregnancy. Because protein S levels drop substantially during pregnancy and gestational age–specific levels have not been validated, testing during pregnancy leads to many false-positive results.
What is the normal range for protein S?
Protein S Activity Normal Range
In general, normal values are 60% to 150% of clotting inhibition.
What is protein S deficiency in pregnancy?
Protein S deficiency is a rare inherited thrombophilia often associated with fetal losses in pregnancy. It is seen in approximately 1 in 500 to 1 in 3,000 people. Homozygous Protein S deficiency in neonates manifests as a catastrophic and fatal thrombotic complication termed Purpura Fulminans (PF).
Is protein S elevated in pregnancy?
Total protein S levels also remained unchanged. Free protein S levels fell significantly from first to second trimesters (0.45 U/ml mean to 0.26 U/ml mean, p < 0.001), but no further fall occurred during the third trimester.
How common is protein S deficiency in pregnancy?
Protein S deficiency is a rare inherited thrombophilia often associated with fetal losses in pregnancy. It is seen in approximately 1 in 500 to 1 in 3,000 people.
Is protein S deficiency high risk pregnancy?
Does protein S deficiency cause miscarriage?
Protein S deficiency, the protein C cofactor main physiological inhibitor of coagulation, is a thrombophilic state with various events from thrombosis to miscarriage in pregnant women.
Can protein S deficiency go away?
If you inherited a protein S deficiency, you’ll have it for life. If you acquired protein S deficiency, it should go away when the condition that caused it is gone.
How serious is protein S deficiency?
Individuals with mild protein S deficiency are at risk of a type of clot called a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) that occurs in the deep veins of the arms or legs. If a DVT travels through the bloodstream and lodges in the lungs, it can cause a life-threatening clot known as a pulmonary embolism (PE).
How do you fix protein S deficiency?
There is not a specific therapy for patients with protein S deficiency. The use of anticoagulant therapy however is highly effective in the treatment and prevention of blood clots in patients with the common type of protein S deficiency (due to inheritance of one abnormal protein S gene).
How can I increase my protein S?
Can you get rid of protein S deficiency?
Can protein S deficiency cause miscarriage?
Protein S deficiency is a rare inherited thrombophilia often associated with fetal losses in pregnancy.
What happens if protein S is low?
Protein S deficiency is a disorder of blood clotting. People with this condition have an increased risk of developing abnormal blood clots. Individuals with mild protein S deficiency are at risk of a type of clot called a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) that occurs in the deep veins of the arms or legs.
Why is my protein S Low?
Acquired protein S deficiency occurs as a result of another underlying condition such as liver disease, nephrotic syndrome, certain infections, the use of oral contraceptives, vitamin K deficiency, surgery, or people undergoing chemotherapy treatment.
Is protein S deficiency rare?
Protein S deficiency is a rare disorder (usually inherited) that lets your blood clot too easily.