What is reproductive toxicology studies?
Reproductive toxicology is the study of occurrence of adverse effects on the male and female reproductive system due to exposure to chemicals or physical agents.
What is developmental and reproductive toxicology?
Developmental and reproductive toxicology (DART) studies assess the reproductive safety of drugs, chemicals, or pesticides after repeated or chronic exposure.
What causes reproductive toxicity?
Reproductive toxicity results when a chemical has an adverse impact on the normal function and development of male or female reproductive tissues or reproductive behavior resulting in reduced fertility.
What is a DART study?
Development and reproductive toxicology studies, or DART studies, are required for most non-oncology programs between IND and NDA filings. Their goal is to detect any effects of a drug within a complete reproductive cycle as relevant to humans — from initial conception to reproductive capacity in the next generation.
What is the importance of toxicology?
Toxicology provides critical information and knowledge that can be used by regulatory agencies, decision makers, and others to put programs and policies in place to limit our exposures to these substances, thereby preventing or reducing the likelihood that a disease or other negative health outcome would occur.
What is the study of reproduction?
Reproductive biology includes both sexual and asexual reproduction. Reproductive biology includes a wide number of fields: Reproductive systems. Endocrinology. Sexual development (Puberty)
What is an example of a reproductive toxin?
One well-known group of substances which are toxic for reproduction are teratogens – substances which cause birth defects. (S)-thalidomide is possibly the most notorious of these.
What type of hazard is reproductive toxicity?
Reproductive toxicity refers to adverse effects of a chemical substance/mixture on sexual function and fertility in adult males and females, as well as developmental toxicity in the offspring. Developmental toxicity pertains to adverse toxic effects to the developing embryo or fetus.
Is reproductive toxicity a health hazard?
Reproductive toxicity encompasses adverse reproductive health outcomes in both men and women caused by exposure to such agents. Changes in reproductive systems, fertility, and adverse pregnancy outcomes can be caused by reproductive toxicity [2].
Which of the following is a developmental toxins?
Typical factors causing developmental toxicity are radiation, infections (e.g. rubella), maternal metabolic imbalances (e.g. alcoholism, diabetes, folic acid deficiency), drugs (e.g. anticancer drugs, tetracyclines, many hormones, thalidomide), and environmental chemicals (e.g. mercury, lead, dioxins, PBDEs, HBCD.
What are 3 types of toxicology?
About 35 years ago, however, T.A. Loomis divided the science of toxicology into three major subdivisions: environmental, economic, and forensic. These subdivisions were in large part based on how humans would come in contact with potentially harmful chemicals.
What are the four major types of toxic substances?
There are generally five types of toxic entities; chemical, biological, physical, radiation and behavioural toxicity: Disease-causing microorganisms and parasites are toxic in a broad sense but are generally called pathogens rather than toxicants.
What is the study of the female reproductive system called?
gynecology. The study of the female reproductive system is the medical specialty of_____________
Is an example of reproduction?
In asexual reproduction, one parent copies itself to form a genetically identical offspring. Sea turtles are an example of an animal that reproduces sexually, a volvox (green algae) is an example of an organism that reproduces asexually, and a brittle star can reproduce in either way.
Who is affected by reproductive toxins?
Reproductive toxicity refers to the potential risk from a given chemical, physical or biologic agent to adversely affect both male and female fertility as well as offspring development.
Who can be negatively affected by reproductive toxins?
Exposure to toxicants before and after conception can affect parents, fetuses, and newborns. Pregnant women tend to be concerned about three of the most common occupational health hazards (i.e., tobacco smoke, video-display terminals, and the quality of indoor air).
What is Category 2 reproductive toxicity?
Substances are classified in Category 2 for reproductive toxicity when there is some evidence from humans or experimental animals, possibly supplemented with other information, of an adverse effect on sexual function and fertility, or on development, and where the evidence is not sufficiently convincing to place the …
What toxins can cause developmental disabilities?
We identified five industrial chemicals that could be reliably classified as developmental neurotoxicants: lead, methylmercury, arsenic, polychlorinated biphenyls, and toluene.
How long do toxic chemicals stay in the body?
Experiments have shown they affect a number of organs and systems. Once dioxins enter the body, they last a long time because of their chemical stability and their ability to be absorbed by fat tissue, where they are then stored in the body. Their half-life in the body is estimated to be 7 to 11 years.
What can a toxicology report tell you?
A blood toxicology screen can determine the presence and level (amount) of a drug in your body. Urine sample results are often reported as positive (substance is found) or negative (no substance is found).
What drugs are tested in a toxicology report?
The search would be for drugs such as opiates, amphetamines, marijuana, alcohol, and barbiturates, she says. The basic toxicology screen typically uses an immunoassay, Robin says. This type of test looks for drugs in the blood using specific antibodies that detect various classes of drugs.
What are the 6 classes of toxins?
1 – PFAS. Although useful, PFAS remain in the environment indefinitely and may cause serious health problems.
How does the body get rid of toxins?
Carbon dioxide is a waste product or toxin, and we get rid of it by breathing it out. Other organs that help remove toxins include the liver, skin, kidneys, intestines, lymph nodes, and blood vessels. In addition to breathing out, we remove toxic products through urine, feces, and sweating.
What are the 5 main functions of the reproductive system?
These functions are divided between the primary and secondary, or accessory, reproductive organs.
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Introduction to the Reproductive System
- To produce egg and sperm cells.
- To transport and sustain these cells.
- To nurture the developing offspring.
- To produce hormones.
What are the 3 types of reproduction?
Reproduction
- Reproduction Definition.
- Asexual Reproduction.
- Sexual Reproduction.
- Reproduction in Plants.
- Reproduction in Animals.