What is the meaning of osteocalcin?

What is the meaning of osteocalcin?

: a protein that is found in the extracellular matrix of bone and in the serum of circulating blood, is produced by osteoblasts especially in the presence of vitamin K but is not a collagen, and when present at excessive levels in serum may be indicative of various disorders (as Paget’s disease or postmenopausal …

What does osteopontin do in bone?

Osteopontin has been implicated as an important factor in bone remodeling. Specifically, OPN anchors osteoclasts to the surface of bones where it is immobilized by its mineral-binding properties allowing subsequent usage of its RGD motif for osteoclast integrin binding for cell attachment and migration.

What does low osteocalcin mean?

Low osteocalcin levels usually indicate lower bone turnover. Causes shown below are commonly associated with low osteocalcin levels. Work with your doctor or another health care professional to get an accurate diagnosis.

What gland produces osteocalcin?

Osteocalcin is a hormone produced in bones by osteoblasts during bone formation. Numerous studies have demonstrated that adrenal gland–derived glucocorticoids inhibit osteocalcin production, which can ultimately cause deleterious bones loss.

What is the importance of osteocalcin?

Osteocalcin is an important protein that is important for strong bones. It also acts as a hormone to adjust insulin and glucose levels, increase testosterone, and improve muscle strength and cognitive function.

What are the effects of osteocalcin?

Importantly, osteocalcin is secreted solely by osteoblasts but only has minor effects on bone mineralization and density. Instead, it has been reported to control several physiological processes in an endocrine manner, such as glucose homeostasis and exercise capacity, brain development, cognition, and male fertility.

What cell secretes osteopontin and osteocalcin?

4.5 Mature osteoblasts. The mature osteoblasts secrete collagen and proteins into the bone matrix, including several growth factors. Osteocalcin and osteopontin are expressed in these mature cells, as well as OPG, a decoy receptor for RANK-L that will block osteoclast formation [16].

Where is osteopontin expressed?

Osteopontin (OPN) is a multifunctional protein, and although highly expressed in bone, it is also expressed by various cell types including macrophages, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and epithelial cells.

What is the normal range for osteocalcin?

The reference intervals for osteocalcin are about 1.1–11 ng/mL (adult male) and 0.7–6.5 ng/mL (adultfemale).

What vitamin increases the production of osteocalcin?

Vitamin K2

Vitamin K2 also enhanced the 1,25(OH)2D3-induced osteocalcin mRNA level, but vitamin K2 alone did not show osteocalcin mRNA expression. We thus demonstrated that vitamin K2 enhanced not only the accumulation of Gla osteocalcin, but also the osteocalcin production induced by 1,25(OH)2D3 in human osteoblasts in culture.

What triggers the release of osteocalcin?

In response to insulin, undercarboxylated osteocalcin is produced by the osteoblast or released from the bone matrix by the low pH of the osteoclast resorption pit and enters the circulation where it acts as a hormone.

What stimulates osteocalcin production?

What triggers osteocalcin release?

Due to the low pH inside the osteoclast resorption compartments, however, osteocalcin gets decarboxylated again, which reduces its affinity for bone and triggers the release of uncarboxylated osteocalcin into the circulation (3).

Is osteocalcin a protein?

Osteocalcin, also referred to as bone γ-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) protein or BGP, is a 46–50 amino acid, 5.6 kDa secreted protein that is produced primarily by osteoblasts (10).

What is the molecular weight of osteopontin?

Product Information

What is the osteoblast?

Osteoblasts are specialized mesenchymal cells that synthesize bone matrix and coordinate the mineralization of the skeleton. These cells work in harmony with osteoclasts, which resorb bone, in a continuous cycle that occurs throughout life.

What does elevated osteocalcin mean?

Elevated levels of osteocalcin indicate increased bone turnover.

Why is osteocalcin high in osteoporosis?

In osteoporosis, generally there is a deficiency of calcium and phosphorus level and since osteocalcin is a calcium dependent biomarker and has a strong affinity with bone matrix (hydroxyapatite) responsible for mineralization of bone.

What increases osteocalcin?

Physical exercise can significantly increase the levels of osteocalcin. In Pernambuco et al. (2013) study, an 8-months aquatic aerobic exercise program is effective in increasing circulating osteocalcin levels in post-menopausal women with low bone mineral density (Pernambuco et al., 2013).

What are 4 types of bone cells?

Bone is composed of four different cell types; osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts and bone lining cells. Osteoblasts, bone lining cells and osteoclasts are present on bone surfaces and are derived from local mesenchymal cells called progenitor cells.

What type of cells build bone?

Osteoblasts. Osteoblasts are cuboidal cells that are located along the bone surface comprising 4–6% of the total resident bone cells and are largely known for their bone forming function [22].

Does exercise increase osteocalcin?

[Results] The differences between bone mineral content, bone mineral density, and osteocalcin concentrations increased significantly in the osteoporosis group after 12 weeks of exercise and were significantly higher than those in the normal and osteopenia groups.

What cells destroy bone?

Osteoclasts, the cells devoted to resorb the bone matrix, arise from the monocyte/macrophage lineage (34).

What bone cells repair damaged bones?

Osteocytes are the engineers and experienced builders. They make up about 90% of bone cells and are found in the bone matrix. They communicate with other cells and regulate osteoblasts’ and osteoclasts’ work to shape the bone. Thus, osteocytes are responsible for new bone growth and repair.

Which cell is responsible for building repairing and replacing bone?

osteoblasts
Explanation: After a fracture, osteoblasts—bone forming cells—start to produce new bone through the process of osteogenesis. They produce compact bone and fuse the bone segments together. An osteocyte is a mature bone cell.